NUR 545 Exam 3 NEWEST VERSION 2025-2026
\COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED
ANSWERS \VERIFIED 100% GRADED A+\Physio-Patho
Basis of Advanced Nsg, University of South Alabama
Five primary modes of chemical signalling include:
contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,
neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
Contact-dependent: requires cells to be in close membrane-to-
membrane contact.
Paracrine: secrete local chemical mediators that are
quickly absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized.
What is chemical signaling?
Autocrine: produce signals that they, themselves, respond to.
Hormonal: involves specialized endocrine cells that
secrete chemicals called hormones
Neurohormonal: hormones that are released into the
BLOODSTREAM by neurosecretory neurons
Neurotransmitter: unlike neurosecretory neurons,
ordinary neurons secrete short- range neurotransmitters
into a small, discrete space called a synapse.
How is glucose transported via a passive mediated (also called facilitated diffusion)
from the blood to the cell? mechanism using a uniport protein transporter down a
concentration gradient with no energy expenditure
, The active transport (against concentration gradient) of
potassium and sodium across the cell plasma membrane
uses the direct energy of ATP via a transporter protein
called adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) to move
Understand the these cations;
transportation of
potassium and sodium 3 molecules of Na+ move out and 2
across plasma molecules of K+ enter, inside of the cell
membranes. to be more negative than the outside
three Na+ bind to the carrier and at the same time ATP
binds to the carrier. ATP is hydrolyzed, the carrier then
changes shape and releases the Na+. Next, the carrier
attracts and binds two K+, after which the carrier
returns to its original shape and releases the K+ and
ATP remnant.
Movement of substance across a membrane via a carrier
What is active transport?
protein that requires expenditure of energy for
activation.
Growth factors (also called cytokines) are peptides that
stimulate an increase in cell mass or cell growth by
promoting the synthesis of proteins and other
What are cytokines?
macromolecules and inhibiting their degradation.
They are also called growth factors, which are peptides
that transmit signals within and between cells. They
have a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and
development.
No, all types of cells undergo mitosis during formation of
Do all cells continue to
the embryo, but adult cells including: nerve cells, lens
replicate and divide?
cells, & muscle cells, lose the ability to replicate.
• Neurons are fixed at birth & are unable to be replaced.
When normal columnar Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature
ciliated epithelial cells of cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) by another,
the bronchial lining are sometimes less differentiated, cell type.
replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells, the
process is called?
, The most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia,
which is a reduced blood supply. Ischemic injury is
often caused by a gradual narrowing of the arteries (or
What is the relation between arteriosclerosis) and complete blockage by blood clots
ischemia and ATP? (or thrombosis). This leads to decreased mitochondrial
oxygenation, with resulting mitochondrial damage in
the form of membrane permeability changes, loss of
membrane potential, and ultimately, decreased ATP
production. In addition, pro-apoptotic proteins
between the inner and outer membranes of the
mitochondria may activate the cell's suicide pathway
(known as apoptosis).
When there's a depletion in the level of available ATP, the
Na+-K+ pump and the Na+- Ca2+ exchange system
When does sodium enter
fails, leading to the intracellular accumulation of Na+
the cell and cause
and Ca2+, resulting in cellular swelling and diffusion of
swelling?
K+ out of the cell. With continued hypoxia, the entire
cell becomes markedly swollen, with increased
concentrations of Na+, H2O, and Cl- , and decreased
concentration of potassium.
injury induced by free radicals, electrically uncharged
atoms or group of atoms having unpaired electrons
looking to become stable by giving up or stealing their
unpaired electrons
Play a role in a wide variety of diseases and age-related
What are free radicals in
conditions, including cancer, neurologic disease,
relation to cell damage?
diabetes mellitus, autoimmune and cardiovascular
Progression of diseases?
disease (HTN, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease,
heart failure, atherosclerosis), infertility, sleep apnea,
and normal aging.
Have three important effects:
1. Peroxidation of lipids: destruction of unsaturated fatty acids.
2. Alterations of proteins causing fragmentation of polypeptide
chains
3. Alterations of DNA, including breakage of single strands.
, persists in homes, the environment, and the workplace
for many people, and it is still a primary hazard to
children. The organ systems affected by lead include
the nervous, hematopoietic, reproductive,
gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal, and
Know all about lead musculoskeletal systems. Exposure occurs through
poisoning. How does it inhalation, ingestion, and uncommonly skin contact (or
cause damage within the direct contact with the mouth, nose, and eyes). Lead
cell? binds to sulfhydryl groups found on many enzymes,
mimicking metals in biologic processes because it acts
as a cofactor in several enzymatic reactions
hearing loss, tooth decay, cataracts, and kidney
dysfunction or damage. It also interferes with excretion
of urate (predisposing individuals to gout),
cardiovascular alterations (HTN, heart rate
disturbances, CHD, death from stroke), reproductive
changes, miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight,
impaired development, PNS effects, and GI effects
(nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, cramping).
Alcohol crosses placenta, reaching the fetus rapidly, and
the amniotic fluid acts as a reservoir, prolonging fetal
exposure. The fetus’s liver cannot process alcohol like
the adult liver (ADH activity in fetal liver is <10% of adult
liver). Disrupts cell differentiation and growth; DNA and
protein synthesis; modification of carbohydrates,
Know about the effects of
proteins, fats; and flow of nutrients across placenta;
fetal alcohol syndrome on
causes growth retardation, cognitive impairment, facial
infants.
anomalies, and ocular disturbances.
Folic acid deficiency becomes especially serious in
pregnant woman who consume alcohol and may
contribute to FAS.
ARBDs and ARNDs are alcohol-related birth defects
or neurodevelopmental disorders, in which full-blown
FAS may not be indicated, but CNS defects may be
present.
\COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED
ANSWERS \VERIFIED 100% GRADED A+\Physio-Patho
Basis of Advanced Nsg, University of South Alabama
Five primary modes of chemical signalling include:
contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,
neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
Contact-dependent: requires cells to be in close membrane-to-
membrane contact.
Paracrine: secrete local chemical mediators that are
quickly absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized.
What is chemical signaling?
Autocrine: produce signals that they, themselves, respond to.
Hormonal: involves specialized endocrine cells that
secrete chemicals called hormones
Neurohormonal: hormones that are released into the
BLOODSTREAM by neurosecretory neurons
Neurotransmitter: unlike neurosecretory neurons,
ordinary neurons secrete short- range neurotransmitters
into a small, discrete space called a synapse.
How is glucose transported via a passive mediated (also called facilitated diffusion)
from the blood to the cell? mechanism using a uniport protein transporter down a
concentration gradient with no energy expenditure
, The active transport (against concentration gradient) of
potassium and sodium across the cell plasma membrane
uses the direct energy of ATP via a transporter protein
called adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) to move
Understand the these cations;
transportation of
potassium and sodium 3 molecules of Na+ move out and 2
across plasma molecules of K+ enter, inside of the cell
membranes. to be more negative than the outside
three Na+ bind to the carrier and at the same time ATP
binds to the carrier. ATP is hydrolyzed, the carrier then
changes shape and releases the Na+. Next, the carrier
attracts and binds two K+, after which the carrier
returns to its original shape and releases the K+ and
ATP remnant.
Movement of substance across a membrane via a carrier
What is active transport?
protein that requires expenditure of energy for
activation.
Growth factors (also called cytokines) are peptides that
stimulate an increase in cell mass or cell growth by
promoting the synthesis of proteins and other
What are cytokines?
macromolecules and inhibiting their degradation.
They are also called growth factors, which are peptides
that transmit signals within and between cells. They
have a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and
development.
No, all types of cells undergo mitosis during formation of
Do all cells continue to
the embryo, but adult cells including: nerve cells, lens
replicate and divide?
cells, & muscle cells, lose the ability to replicate.
• Neurons are fixed at birth & are unable to be replaced.
When normal columnar Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature
ciliated epithelial cells of cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) by another,
the bronchial lining are sometimes less differentiated, cell type.
replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells, the
process is called?
, The most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia,
which is a reduced blood supply. Ischemic injury is
often caused by a gradual narrowing of the arteries (or
What is the relation between arteriosclerosis) and complete blockage by blood clots
ischemia and ATP? (or thrombosis). This leads to decreased mitochondrial
oxygenation, with resulting mitochondrial damage in
the form of membrane permeability changes, loss of
membrane potential, and ultimately, decreased ATP
production. In addition, pro-apoptotic proteins
between the inner and outer membranes of the
mitochondria may activate the cell's suicide pathway
(known as apoptosis).
When there's a depletion in the level of available ATP, the
Na+-K+ pump and the Na+- Ca2+ exchange system
When does sodium enter
fails, leading to the intracellular accumulation of Na+
the cell and cause
and Ca2+, resulting in cellular swelling and diffusion of
swelling?
K+ out of the cell. With continued hypoxia, the entire
cell becomes markedly swollen, with increased
concentrations of Na+, H2O, and Cl- , and decreased
concentration of potassium.
injury induced by free radicals, electrically uncharged
atoms or group of atoms having unpaired electrons
looking to become stable by giving up or stealing their
unpaired electrons
Play a role in a wide variety of diseases and age-related
What are free radicals in
conditions, including cancer, neurologic disease,
relation to cell damage?
diabetes mellitus, autoimmune and cardiovascular
Progression of diseases?
disease (HTN, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease,
heart failure, atherosclerosis), infertility, sleep apnea,
and normal aging.
Have three important effects:
1. Peroxidation of lipids: destruction of unsaturated fatty acids.
2. Alterations of proteins causing fragmentation of polypeptide
chains
3. Alterations of DNA, including breakage of single strands.
, persists in homes, the environment, and the workplace
for many people, and it is still a primary hazard to
children. The organ systems affected by lead include
the nervous, hematopoietic, reproductive,
gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal, and
Know all about lead musculoskeletal systems. Exposure occurs through
poisoning. How does it inhalation, ingestion, and uncommonly skin contact (or
cause damage within the direct contact with the mouth, nose, and eyes). Lead
cell? binds to sulfhydryl groups found on many enzymes,
mimicking metals in biologic processes because it acts
as a cofactor in several enzymatic reactions
hearing loss, tooth decay, cataracts, and kidney
dysfunction or damage. It also interferes with excretion
of urate (predisposing individuals to gout),
cardiovascular alterations (HTN, heart rate
disturbances, CHD, death from stroke), reproductive
changes, miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight,
impaired development, PNS effects, and GI effects
(nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, cramping).
Alcohol crosses placenta, reaching the fetus rapidly, and
the amniotic fluid acts as a reservoir, prolonging fetal
exposure. The fetus’s liver cannot process alcohol like
the adult liver (ADH activity in fetal liver is <10% of adult
liver). Disrupts cell differentiation and growth; DNA and
protein synthesis; modification of carbohydrates,
Know about the effects of
proteins, fats; and flow of nutrients across placenta;
fetal alcohol syndrome on
causes growth retardation, cognitive impairment, facial
infants.
anomalies, and ocular disturbances.
Folic acid deficiency becomes especially serious in
pregnant woman who consume alcohol and may
contribute to FAS.
ARBDs and ARNDs are alcohol-related birth defects
or neurodevelopmental disorders, in which full-blown
FAS may not be indicated, but CNS defects may be
present.
