EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE: BIOLOGY 102
ESSENTIAL BIOLOGY II W/LAB, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
PORTAGE LEARNING
Focuses on the foundational topics of the second semester, which often
include evolution, the diversity of life (viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi),
and introductory animal biology (invertebrates and basic
anatomy/physiology).
ESSENTIAL BIOLOGY II W/LAB
The region containing the bacterial chromosome inside the
bacterial cell is called? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Nucleoid
This thick, gelatinous material, located external to the cell wall, called the
capsule or slime layer is technically referred to as the? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS—Glycocalyx >>>
A dense, gel-like, and highly dynamic coating of carbohydrates found on the exterior
surface of most cells, particularly in animal and bacterial cells
How many kingdoms are there today? What are they? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS--5.
Kingdom Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
This type of cell is small, simple, lacks a nucleus, and membrane bound
organelles? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Prokaryotic
, This type of cell is large and complex, has a nucleus, and has membrane
bound organelles? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Eukaryotic
Which of the following class of organisms is considered prokaryotic? -
CORRECT-ANSWERS--Bacteria
What does it mean for something to be truly multicellular? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS--It is when an organism has multiple cells that make up the
organism and its organ systems.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to once have been
independent bacterial cells that
were ingested by an early eukaryote and instead of being digested they
formed a symbiotic
relationship with their host. This method of forming organelles is called? -
CORRECT-ANSWERS--Endosymbiosis
What are the shapes of bacteria? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Cocci, bacilli,
spiral. >>>
1. Cocci (spherical or round): These bacteria are essentially tiny balls or spheres.
1. Arrangements: They can exist as single cells, in pairs (diplococci), chains
(streptococci), or grape-like clusters (staphylococci).
2. Bacilli (rod- shaped): These bacteria are longer than they are wide, resembling a rod or a
stick.
1. Arrangements: They typically appear as single rods but can also form chains
(streptobacilli) or short, oval shapes that look like a mix between cocci and bacilli
(coccobacilli).
3. Spiral (curved or helical): These bacteria have a twisted appearance, like a corkscrew or a
helix.
ESSENTIAL BIOLOGY II W/LAB, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
PORTAGE LEARNING
Focuses on the foundational topics of the second semester, which often
include evolution, the diversity of life (viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi),
and introductory animal biology (invertebrates and basic
anatomy/physiology).
ESSENTIAL BIOLOGY II W/LAB
The region containing the bacterial chromosome inside the
bacterial cell is called? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Nucleoid
This thick, gelatinous material, located external to the cell wall, called the
capsule or slime layer is technically referred to as the? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS—Glycocalyx >>>
A dense, gel-like, and highly dynamic coating of carbohydrates found on the exterior
surface of most cells, particularly in animal and bacterial cells
How many kingdoms are there today? What are they? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS--5.
Kingdom Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
This type of cell is small, simple, lacks a nucleus, and membrane bound
organelles? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Prokaryotic
, This type of cell is large and complex, has a nucleus, and has membrane
bound organelles? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Eukaryotic
Which of the following class of organisms is considered prokaryotic? -
CORRECT-ANSWERS--Bacteria
What does it mean for something to be truly multicellular? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS--It is when an organism has multiple cells that make up the
organism and its organ systems.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to once have been
independent bacterial cells that
were ingested by an early eukaryote and instead of being digested they
formed a symbiotic
relationship with their host. This method of forming organelles is called? -
CORRECT-ANSWERS--Endosymbiosis
What are the shapes of bacteria? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--Cocci, bacilli,
spiral. >>>
1. Cocci (spherical or round): These bacteria are essentially tiny balls or spheres.
1. Arrangements: They can exist as single cells, in pairs (diplococci), chains
(streptococci), or grape-like clusters (staphylococci).
2. Bacilli (rod- shaped): These bacteria are longer than they are wide, resembling a rod or a
stick.
1. Arrangements: They typically appear as single rods but can also form chains
(streptobacilli) or short, oval shapes that look like a mix between cocci and bacilli
(coccobacilli).
3. Spiral (curved or helical): These bacteria have a twisted appearance, like a corkscrew or a
helix.
