NUR 529 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM #1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS | NEW UPDATE 2026
Cellular Physiology - Prokaryotes - ANSWERS • Prokaryotes [only cells for 3
billion years]
• single cell organism
• Cyanobacteria [blue-green algae]
• Bacteria
• Rickettsia
• [Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever]
• Bound by cellular membrane that carries out all activities
• Single circular chromosome for genetic information
Eukaryotes - ANSWERS eu = good karyo = nucleus [large)
-complex intracellular anatomy
-organelles = membrane bound compartments of specialized function within the
cell
- histones - bind with DNA
- chromosomes
- cell plasma membrane/cytoplasm carries organelles
Eukaryotes - ANSWERS Found in :
- Higher organisms/plants {people}
,- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Most algae
Cellular Communication - ANSWERS Chemical messenger systems :
1. move from cell to cell through channels in the membrane
2. move into extracellular fluid
3. bind to receptors on or near cell surface {first messenger)
Cellular Communication - ANSWERS There are external signals converted to
internal signals carried by second messenger = Epigenetics: The cells do not
interact just among themselves, they interact within the environment - cell
adaptation, evolution
4. second messenger triggers change
Plasma Membranes Magic mem-BRAIN - ANSWERS 1. Structure
2. Protection
3. Activation
4. Transport
5. Cell to Cell interaction
Plasma Membranes Magic mem-BRAIN - ANSWERS -Membrane "interacts
intelligently" with environment to produce behavior of other cellular components
making it....
-The true brain of the cell = not the nucleus
*nucleus is just the microprocessor making copies of itself
,Integral Membrane Proteins - IMPs - ANSWERS A. Imbedded into the
membrane-cell's "sense organs" -Based inside the cell membrane.
Integral Membrane Proteins - ANSWERS Phospholipids - contain polar and
non-polar molecules)
1) Polar-able to "attract and interact" through chemical bonds
2) Non-Polar-have no polarity-unable to form chemical bonds but seek out non-
polar environments - lipid soluble)
Two Types Integral Membrane Poteins - ANSWERS 1) *Receptor proteins*-
"awareness proteins" some protrude and some extend inward toward the interior
cell-both monitor environments
a. Unique receptor for all environmental signals
b. Can "read" physical and vibrational energy fields such as light and radio
frequencies
*Effector proteins* = *action* - ANSWERS *Effector proteins* = *action*
Three types:
Channel, Cytoskeletal, Enzymes
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors* - ANSWERS 1) *Channel Receptors*-
Respond to receptor "stimuli"-transport proteins like channels from one side of
membrane to another
A. Inactive and Active state
, Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors* Sodium - potassium ATPase -
ANSWERS EXP: sodium-potassium ATPase = thousands in every membrane
which use 1/2 of body's energy every day[shuttles 3 positive-charged Na atoms
out of the cytoplasm admits 2 positive-charged K atoms into the cytoplasm]
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors*
Thus the cell is a *"self-charging battery* whose energy is used to empower
biological processes through whole body. - ANSWERS Each revolution throws
off more positive charges out of cell than it lets in, therefore leaving the cell
negatively charged with outside cell positively charged creating a "membrane
potential"
Effector Proteins continued - ANSWERS 2) *Cytoskeletal* effector proteins
regulate the shape and motility of cells
3) *Enzymes* -break down or synthesizes molecules
- Action proteins conducting business of cell membrane and cell membrane
function.
.
Nucleus -Transcription of genetic information by *RNA* = messenger to organells
and directs cellular activities-foremen to accomplish healthy living organism. -
ANSWERS -double membrane-nuclear envelope
-Histones bind with DNA and cause it to fold into -chromosomes - prevent
breakage)
-stores genetic information - blueprints)
-repair and replication of DNA
EXAM #1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS | NEW UPDATE 2026
Cellular Physiology - Prokaryotes - ANSWERS • Prokaryotes [only cells for 3
billion years]
• single cell organism
• Cyanobacteria [blue-green algae]
• Bacteria
• Rickettsia
• [Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever]
• Bound by cellular membrane that carries out all activities
• Single circular chromosome for genetic information
Eukaryotes - ANSWERS eu = good karyo = nucleus [large)
-complex intracellular anatomy
-organelles = membrane bound compartments of specialized function within the
cell
- histones - bind with DNA
- chromosomes
- cell plasma membrane/cytoplasm carries organelles
Eukaryotes - ANSWERS Found in :
- Higher organisms/plants {people}
,- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Most algae
Cellular Communication - ANSWERS Chemical messenger systems :
1. move from cell to cell through channels in the membrane
2. move into extracellular fluid
3. bind to receptors on or near cell surface {first messenger)
Cellular Communication - ANSWERS There are external signals converted to
internal signals carried by second messenger = Epigenetics: The cells do not
interact just among themselves, they interact within the environment - cell
adaptation, evolution
4. second messenger triggers change
Plasma Membranes Magic mem-BRAIN - ANSWERS 1. Structure
2. Protection
3. Activation
4. Transport
5. Cell to Cell interaction
Plasma Membranes Magic mem-BRAIN - ANSWERS -Membrane "interacts
intelligently" with environment to produce behavior of other cellular components
making it....
-The true brain of the cell = not the nucleus
*nucleus is just the microprocessor making copies of itself
,Integral Membrane Proteins - IMPs - ANSWERS A. Imbedded into the
membrane-cell's "sense organs" -Based inside the cell membrane.
Integral Membrane Proteins - ANSWERS Phospholipids - contain polar and
non-polar molecules)
1) Polar-able to "attract and interact" through chemical bonds
2) Non-Polar-have no polarity-unable to form chemical bonds but seek out non-
polar environments - lipid soluble)
Two Types Integral Membrane Poteins - ANSWERS 1) *Receptor proteins*-
"awareness proteins" some protrude and some extend inward toward the interior
cell-both monitor environments
a. Unique receptor for all environmental signals
b. Can "read" physical and vibrational energy fields such as light and radio
frequencies
*Effector proteins* = *action* - ANSWERS *Effector proteins* = *action*
Three types:
Channel, Cytoskeletal, Enzymes
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors* - ANSWERS 1) *Channel Receptors*-
Respond to receptor "stimuli"-transport proteins like channels from one side of
membrane to another
A. Inactive and Active state
, Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors* Sodium - potassium ATPase -
ANSWERS EXP: sodium-potassium ATPase = thousands in every membrane
which use 1/2 of body's energy every day[shuttles 3 positive-charged Na atoms
out of the cytoplasm admits 2 positive-charged K atoms into the cytoplasm]
Effector Proteins - *Channel Receptors*
Thus the cell is a *"self-charging battery* whose energy is used to empower
biological processes through whole body. - ANSWERS Each revolution throws
off more positive charges out of cell than it lets in, therefore leaving the cell
negatively charged with outside cell positively charged creating a "membrane
potential"
Effector Proteins continued - ANSWERS 2) *Cytoskeletal* effector proteins
regulate the shape and motility of cells
3) *Enzymes* -break down or synthesizes molecules
- Action proteins conducting business of cell membrane and cell membrane
function.
.
Nucleus -Transcription of genetic information by *RNA* = messenger to organells
and directs cellular activities-foremen to accomplish healthy living organism. -
ANSWERS -double membrane-nuclear envelope
-Histones bind with DNA and cause it to fold into -chromosomes - prevent
breakage)
-stores genetic information - blueprints)
-repair and replication of DNA
