Solutions Manual for An Introduction to Statistical C
j j j j j j j
oncepts, 4e Debbie Hahs-
j j j
Vaughn, Richard Lomax (All Chapters Answers at the
j j j j j j j
j end of each Chapter)
j j j
PROBLEMS
ConceptualjProblems
1. Ajmentaljhealthjcounselorjisjconductingjajresearchjstudyjonjsatisfactionjthatjmarriedjcou
plesjhavejwithjtheirjmarriage.j“Maritaljstatus”j(e.g.,jsingle,jmarried,jdivorced,jwidowed
),jinjthisjscenario,jisjwhichjonejofjthejfollowing?
a. Constant
b. Variable
2. Bellejrandomlyjsamplesj100jlibraryjpatronsjandjgathersjdatajonjthejgenrejofjthej"firstjbook"jthatjt
heyjcheckedjoutjfromjthejlibrary.jShejfindsjthatj85jlibraryjpatronsjcheckedjoutjajfictionjbookjandj
15jlibraryjpatronsjcheckedjoutjajnon-
fictionjbook.j Whichjofjthejfollowingjbestjcharacterizesjthejtypejofj"firstjbook"jcheckedjoutjinjthi
sjstudy?
a. Constant
b. Variable
3. Forjintervaljleveljvariables,jwhichjofjthejfollowingjpropertiesjdoesjnotjapply?
a. "A"jisjtwojunitsjgreaterjthanj‘B’
b. "A"jisjgreaterjthanj‘B’
c. "A"jisjtwicejasjgoodjasj‘B’
d. "A"jdiffersjfromj‘B’
4. Whichjofjthejfollowingjpropertiesjisjappropriatejforjordinal,jbutjnotjforjnominaljvariables?
a. "A"jdiffersjfromj‘B’
b. "A"jisjgreaterjthanj‘B’
c. "A"jisjtenjunitsjgreaterjthanj‘B’
d. "A"jisjtwicejasjgoodjasj‘B’
5. Whichjscalejofjmeasurementjisjimpliedjbyjthejfollowingjstatement:j“JoAnn’sjscorejisjthreejtime
sjgreaterjthanjOscar’sjscore?”
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
,6. Whichjscalejofjmeasurementjisjproducedjthejfollowingjsurveyjitem:j"Whichjseasonjdojyoujpref
erjtojspendjyourjtime?jSpring,jSummer,jFall,jWinter?"
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
7. Ajbandjdirectorjcollectsjdatajonjthejnumberjofjyearsjinjwhichjstudentsjinjthejbandjhavejplaye
djajmusicaljinstrument.j Whichjscalejofjmeasurementjisjimpliedjbyjthisjscenario?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
8. KristenjhasjanjIQjofj120.j IjassertjthatjKristenjisj20%jmorejintelligentjthanjthejaveragejperso
njhavingjanjIQjofj100.j AmjIjcorrect?
9. Populationjisjtojparameterjasjsamplejisjtojstatistic.jTruejorjfalse?
10. Ajdichotomousjvariablejisjalsojajcategoricaljvariable.jTruejorjfalse?
11. Thejamountjofjtimejspentjstudyingjinjonejweekjforjajpopulationjofjstudentsjisjanjinferentialjstatis
tic.jTruejorjfalse?
12. Ajsamplejofj50jstudentsjtakejanjexamjandjthejinstructorjdecidesjtojgivejthejtopj5jscoresjajbonusj
ofj5jpoints.jComparedjtojthejoriginaljsetjofjscoresj(nojbonus),jwilljthejranksjofjthejnewjsetjofjsc
oresj(includingjbonus)jbejexactlyjthejsame?
13. MalanijandjLailajhavejclassjranksjofj5jandj6.jIngridjandjToomasjhavejclassjranksjofj55jand
56.jWilljthejGPAsjofjMalanijandjLailajbejthejsamejdistancejapartjasjthejGPAsjofjIngridjandjTooma
s?
14. Aurorajisjstudyingjsleepjdisordersjinjadults.jShejgathersjdatajonjwhetherjorjnotjtheyjtakejmedic
ationjtojassistjtheirjsleep.jAurorajfindsjthatj1/3jofjthejadultsjtakejmedication,jandj2/3jdojnot.jWhi
chjofjthejfollowingjbestjcharacterizesj"whetherjorjnotjmedicationjisjtaken?"
a. Constant
b. Variable
15. Ajresearcherjhasjcollectedjdatajthatjcomparesjanjinterventionjprogramjtojajcomparisonjprogra
m.j Thejresearcherjfindsjthatjthejinterventionjprogramjproducesjresultsjthatjarejfourjtimesjbette
rjthanjthejcomparisonjprogram.j Whichjmeasurementjscalejisjimpliedjandjthatjwilljallowjthejre
searcherjtojmakejthisjtypejofjinterpretation?j Selectjalljthatjapply.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
,16. Ajresearcherjhasjaccessjtoj22jlocaljhealthjclinicsjwhichjarejpartjofjajnetworkjofj56jhealthjclinic
sjinjthejstate.jThejresearcherjconductsjajstudyjwhichjincludesjthej22jregionaljhealthjclinics.j Inj
thisjscenario,jthej22jlocaljhealthjclinicsjarejwhichjonejofjthejfollowing?
a. Dichotomous
b. Interval
c. Sample
d. Population
17. Ajresearcherjhasjaccessjtoj22jregionaljhealthjclinicsjwhichjarejpartjofjajnetworkjofj56jhealthjcl
inicsjinjthejstate.jThejresearcherjconductsjajstudyjwhichjincludesjthej22jregionaljhealthjclinics
.j Injthisjscenario,jthej56jhealthjclinicsjinjthejstatejarejwhichjonejofjthejfollowing?
a. Dichotomous
b. Interval
c. Sample
d. Population
18. Whichjofjthejfollowingjisjanjexamplejofjajdichotomousjvariable?
a. Dancejtypej(ballet,jcontemporary,jjazz,jlyrical,jtap)
b. Interestj(nojinterest,jsomewhatjinterested,jmuchjinterest)
c. Totaljcostj(measuredjinjwholejdollarsjrangingjfromj$0jtojinfinity)
d. Agej(agesj<40jandjagesj40+)
19. Whichjofjthejfollowingjisjanjexamplejofjanjordinaljvariable?
a. Dancejtypej(ballet,jcontemporary,jjazz,jlyrical,jtap)
b. Interestj(nojinterest,jsomewhatjinterested,jmuchjinterest)
c. Totaljcostj(measuredjinjwholejdollarsjrangingjfromj$0jtojinfinity)
d. Agej(agesj<40jandjagesj40+)
20. Whichjofjthejfollowingjisjanjexamplejofjajratiojvariable?
a. ScoresjonjthejMyers-BriggsjTypejIndicatorj(MBTI)jpersonalityjinventory
b. Numberjofjpiecesjofjcakejeatenjatjbirthdayjpartiesj(measuredjinjwholejnumbers)
c. Pleasurejexperiencedjonjvacationj(none,jsome,jmuch)
d. Typesjofjplantsjpreferredjbyjhomeownersj(bushes,jflowers,jgrasses,jtrees)
, AnswersjtojConceptualjProblems
1. Constantj(alljindividualsjinjthejstudyjarejmarried,jthusjthejmaritaljstatusjwilljbej"married"jforjever
yonejparticipating;jinjotherjwords,jtherejisjnojvariationjinj"maritaljstatus"jforjthisjparticularjscena
rio)
2. Variablej(whilejtherejisjnotjajlotjofjvariationjgivenjthatj85jofj100jpatronsjcheckjoutjfictionjbook
s,jtherejisjsomejvariationjinjthisjscenario)
3. cj(truejratiosjcannotjbejformedjwithjintervaljvariables)
4. bj(greaterjthanjstatementsjdojnotjapplyjtojnominaljvariables)
5. dj(truejratiosjcanjonlyjbejformedjwithjratiojvariables)
6. aj("season",jasjinjspring,jsummer,jwinter,jfall,jisjajnominaljvariable)
7. dj(anjabsolutejvaluejofjzerojwouldjindicatejanjabsencejofjwhatjwasjmeasured—
i.e.,jthejnumberjofjyearsjplayingjinjajband—
andjthusjratiojisjthejscalejofjmeasure;jalthoughjanjanswerjofjzerojisjnotjlikelyjgivenjthatjthejstud
entsjinjthejbandjarejthosejbeingjmeasured,jifjsomeonejwerejtojrespondjwithjanjanswerjofjzero,jth
atjvaluejwouldjtrulyjindicatej"nojyearsjplayingjanjinstrument")
8. Noj(truejratiosjcannotjbejformedjwithjintervaljvariables)
9. Truej(therejarejonlyjpopulationjparametersjandjsamplejstatistics;jnojotherjcombinationsjexi
st)
10. Truej(categoricaljvariablesjcanjhavejanyjnumberjofjqualitativejvalues;jdichotomousjvariablesjarej
limitedjtojonlyjtwojvalues)
11. Falsej(asjthisjisjajpopulationjparameter,jnojinferencejneedjbejmade)
12. Yesj(althoughjthejtopj5jscoresjwilljbejincreased,jthejranksjofjeveryjscorejwilljremainjthejsame
)
13. Noj(classjrankjisjordinaljandjequaljintervalsjisjnotjajcharacteristicjofjanjordinaljvariable)
14. Variablej(givenjthatjsomejtookjmedicationjandjothersjdidjnot,jthisjindicatesjvariationjinjwhatjwasj
measured)
15. dj(ratiojvariablesjwilljallowjinterpretationsjsuchjasj"fourjtimesjgreater"jtojbejmadejfromjthejdataj
asjtheyjhavejequaljintervalsjandjajtruejzerojpoint)
16. cj(withjaccessjtoj22jofjthej56jtotaljhealthjclinics,jthejresearcherjisjworkingjwithjajsamplejofj22jfro
mjthejpopulationjofj56)
j j j j j j j
oncepts, 4e Debbie Hahs-
j j j
Vaughn, Richard Lomax (All Chapters Answers at the
j j j j j j j
j end of each Chapter)
j j j
PROBLEMS
ConceptualjProblems
1. Ajmentaljhealthjcounselorjisjconductingjajresearchjstudyjonjsatisfactionjthatjmarriedjcou
plesjhavejwithjtheirjmarriage.j“Maritaljstatus”j(e.g.,jsingle,jmarried,jdivorced,jwidowed
),jinjthisjscenario,jisjwhichjonejofjthejfollowing?
a. Constant
b. Variable
2. Bellejrandomlyjsamplesj100jlibraryjpatronsjandjgathersjdatajonjthejgenrejofjthej"firstjbook"jthatjt
heyjcheckedjoutjfromjthejlibrary.jShejfindsjthatj85jlibraryjpatronsjcheckedjoutjajfictionjbookjandj
15jlibraryjpatronsjcheckedjoutjajnon-
fictionjbook.j Whichjofjthejfollowingjbestjcharacterizesjthejtypejofj"firstjbook"jcheckedjoutjinjthi
sjstudy?
a. Constant
b. Variable
3. Forjintervaljleveljvariables,jwhichjofjthejfollowingjpropertiesjdoesjnotjapply?
a. "A"jisjtwojunitsjgreaterjthanj‘B’
b. "A"jisjgreaterjthanj‘B’
c. "A"jisjtwicejasjgoodjasj‘B’
d. "A"jdiffersjfromj‘B’
4. Whichjofjthejfollowingjpropertiesjisjappropriatejforjordinal,jbutjnotjforjnominaljvariables?
a. "A"jdiffersjfromj‘B’
b. "A"jisjgreaterjthanj‘B’
c. "A"jisjtenjunitsjgreaterjthanj‘B’
d. "A"jisjtwicejasjgoodjasj‘B’
5. Whichjscalejofjmeasurementjisjimpliedjbyjthejfollowingjstatement:j“JoAnn’sjscorejisjthreejtime
sjgreaterjthanjOscar’sjscore?”
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
,6. Whichjscalejofjmeasurementjisjproducedjthejfollowingjsurveyjitem:j"Whichjseasonjdojyoujpref
erjtojspendjyourjtime?jSpring,jSummer,jFall,jWinter?"
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
7. Ajbandjdirectorjcollectsjdatajonjthejnumberjofjyearsjinjwhichjstudentsjinjthejbandjhavejplaye
djajmusicaljinstrument.j Whichjscalejofjmeasurementjisjimpliedjbyjthisjscenario?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
8. KristenjhasjanjIQjofj120.j IjassertjthatjKristenjisj20%jmorejintelligentjthanjthejaveragejperso
njhavingjanjIQjofj100.j AmjIjcorrect?
9. Populationjisjtojparameterjasjsamplejisjtojstatistic.jTruejorjfalse?
10. Ajdichotomousjvariablejisjalsojajcategoricaljvariable.jTruejorjfalse?
11. Thejamountjofjtimejspentjstudyingjinjonejweekjforjajpopulationjofjstudentsjisjanjinferentialjstatis
tic.jTruejorjfalse?
12. Ajsamplejofj50jstudentsjtakejanjexamjandjthejinstructorjdecidesjtojgivejthejtopj5jscoresjajbonusj
ofj5jpoints.jComparedjtojthejoriginaljsetjofjscoresj(nojbonus),jwilljthejranksjofjthejnewjsetjofjsc
oresj(includingjbonus)jbejexactlyjthejsame?
13. MalanijandjLailajhavejclassjranksjofj5jandj6.jIngridjandjToomasjhavejclassjranksjofj55jand
56.jWilljthejGPAsjofjMalanijandjLailajbejthejsamejdistancejapartjasjthejGPAsjofjIngridjandjTooma
s?
14. Aurorajisjstudyingjsleepjdisordersjinjadults.jShejgathersjdatajonjwhetherjorjnotjtheyjtakejmedic
ationjtojassistjtheirjsleep.jAurorajfindsjthatj1/3jofjthejadultsjtakejmedication,jandj2/3jdojnot.jWhi
chjofjthejfollowingjbestjcharacterizesj"whetherjorjnotjmedicationjisjtaken?"
a. Constant
b. Variable
15. Ajresearcherjhasjcollectedjdatajthatjcomparesjanjinterventionjprogramjtojajcomparisonjprogra
m.j Thejresearcherjfindsjthatjthejinterventionjprogramjproducesjresultsjthatjarejfourjtimesjbette
rjthanjthejcomparisonjprogram.j Whichjmeasurementjscalejisjimpliedjandjthatjwilljallowjthejre
searcherjtojmakejthisjtypejofjinterpretation?j Selectjalljthatjapply.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
,16. Ajresearcherjhasjaccessjtoj22jlocaljhealthjclinicsjwhichjarejpartjofjajnetworkjofj56jhealthjclinic
sjinjthejstate.jThejresearcherjconductsjajstudyjwhichjincludesjthej22jregionaljhealthjclinics.j Inj
thisjscenario,jthej22jlocaljhealthjclinicsjarejwhichjonejofjthejfollowing?
a. Dichotomous
b. Interval
c. Sample
d. Population
17. Ajresearcherjhasjaccessjtoj22jregionaljhealthjclinicsjwhichjarejpartjofjajnetworkjofj56jhealthjcl
inicsjinjthejstate.jThejresearcherjconductsjajstudyjwhichjincludesjthej22jregionaljhealthjclinics
.j Injthisjscenario,jthej56jhealthjclinicsjinjthejstatejarejwhichjonejofjthejfollowing?
a. Dichotomous
b. Interval
c. Sample
d. Population
18. Whichjofjthejfollowingjisjanjexamplejofjajdichotomousjvariable?
a. Dancejtypej(ballet,jcontemporary,jjazz,jlyrical,jtap)
b. Interestj(nojinterest,jsomewhatjinterested,jmuchjinterest)
c. Totaljcostj(measuredjinjwholejdollarsjrangingjfromj$0jtojinfinity)
d. Agej(agesj<40jandjagesj40+)
19. Whichjofjthejfollowingjisjanjexamplejofjanjordinaljvariable?
a. Dancejtypej(ballet,jcontemporary,jjazz,jlyrical,jtap)
b. Interestj(nojinterest,jsomewhatjinterested,jmuchjinterest)
c. Totaljcostj(measuredjinjwholejdollarsjrangingjfromj$0jtojinfinity)
d. Agej(agesj<40jandjagesj40+)
20. Whichjofjthejfollowingjisjanjexamplejofjajratiojvariable?
a. ScoresjonjthejMyers-BriggsjTypejIndicatorj(MBTI)jpersonalityjinventory
b. Numberjofjpiecesjofjcakejeatenjatjbirthdayjpartiesj(measuredjinjwholejnumbers)
c. Pleasurejexperiencedjonjvacationj(none,jsome,jmuch)
d. Typesjofjplantsjpreferredjbyjhomeownersj(bushes,jflowers,jgrasses,jtrees)
, AnswersjtojConceptualjProblems
1. Constantj(alljindividualsjinjthejstudyjarejmarried,jthusjthejmaritaljstatusjwilljbej"married"jforjever
yonejparticipating;jinjotherjwords,jtherejisjnojvariationjinj"maritaljstatus"jforjthisjparticularjscena
rio)
2. Variablej(whilejtherejisjnotjajlotjofjvariationjgivenjthatj85jofj100jpatronsjcheckjoutjfictionjbook
s,jtherejisjsomejvariationjinjthisjscenario)
3. cj(truejratiosjcannotjbejformedjwithjintervaljvariables)
4. bj(greaterjthanjstatementsjdojnotjapplyjtojnominaljvariables)
5. dj(truejratiosjcanjonlyjbejformedjwithjratiojvariables)
6. aj("season",jasjinjspring,jsummer,jwinter,jfall,jisjajnominaljvariable)
7. dj(anjabsolutejvaluejofjzerojwouldjindicatejanjabsencejofjwhatjwasjmeasured—
i.e.,jthejnumberjofjyearsjplayingjinjajband—
andjthusjratiojisjthejscalejofjmeasure;jalthoughjanjanswerjofjzerojisjnotjlikelyjgivenjthatjthejstud
entsjinjthejbandjarejthosejbeingjmeasured,jifjsomeonejwerejtojrespondjwithjanjanswerjofjzero,jth
atjvaluejwouldjtrulyjindicatej"nojyearsjplayingjanjinstrument")
8. Noj(truejratiosjcannotjbejformedjwithjintervaljvariables)
9. Truej(therejarejonlyjpopulationjparametersjandjsamplejstatistics;jnojotherjcombinationsjexi
st)
10. Truej(categoricaljvariablesjcanjhavejanyjnumberjofjqualitativejvalues;jdichotomousjvariablesjarej
limitedjtojonlyjtwojvalues)
11. Falsej(asjthisjisjajpopulationjparameter,jnojinferencejneedjbejmade)
12. Yesj(althoughjthejtopj5jscoresjwilljbejincreased,jthejranksjofjeveryjscorejwilljremainjthejsame
)
13. Noj(classjrankjisjordinaljandjequaljintervalsjisjnotjajcharacteristicjofjanjordinaljvariable)
14. Variablej(givenjthatjsomejtookjmedicationjandjothersjdidjnot,jthisjindicatesjvariationjinjwhatjwasj
measured)
15. dj(ratiojvariablesjwilljallowjinterpretationsjsuchjasj"fourjtimesjgreater"jtojbejmadejfromjthejdataj
asjtheyjhavejequaljintervalsjandjajtruejzerojpoint)
16. cj(withjaccessjtoj22jofjthej56jtotaljhealthjclinics,jthejresearcherjisjworkingjwithjajsamplejofj22jfro
mjthejpopulationjofj56)
