NR 507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Acute Renal Failure - Accurate answers Sudden loss of kidney function caused by illness, injury,
toxin that stresses kidneys
Reversible
Determining prognosis of acute renal failure - Accurate answers Kidney's response to diuretics with
good output
Indicates kidneys are functioning well
Pre-renal failure - Accurate answers Most common cause of acute renal failure
Damage occurs before the kidney due to reduced blood flow
Intrarenal failure - Accurate answers Direct damage to kidney
Contrast dye from a procedure
Post renal failure - Accurate answers Disease states downstream of the kidney
Most often occur due to urinary obstruction
Acute Pyelonephritis pathophysiology - Accurate answers Bacterial colonization: E. Coli
Adherence and invasion
Inflammation and immune response: causes symptoms, fever, flank pain
Renal injury and complications: renal scarring, abscess, sepsis, renal failure
Acute Pyelonephritis assessment - Accurate answers Clinical symptoms alone: similar to cystitis,
sicker with pyelo
Symptoms: flank pain, abdominal tenderness, fever
Severe injection symptoms: high fever chills tachycardia
Acute Pyelonephritis labs - Accurate answers Urinalysis: positive urine culture with significant
bacteriuria, pyuria, WBC casts (not always present)
CBC: elevated WBC
Imaging: structural abnormalities, complications (abscess formation or obstruction)
Acute Pyelonephritis treatment - Accurate answers Antibiotic
Supportive care: hydration, analgesics
Hospitalization: severe cases, pregnant women, comorbidities, unable to tolerate oral intake
Follow-up: crucial to monitor treatment, complete full course of antibiotics, repeat urine culture
Renal calculi pathophysiology - Accurate answers Supersaturation: urine is oversaturated with
thing like calcium
Nucleation crystals act as nucleation sites where more crystal deposition can occur
Crystal retention
Stone growth and composition
, Renal calculi physical exam - Accurate answers Flank or abdominal pain, CVA tenderness, hamturia
Renal calculi lab tests - Accurate answers Urinalysis: blood, crystals, infection
Blood test: evaluate renal function, identify metabolic abnormalities
Renal calculi treatment - Accurate answers Conservative for stones <5 mm, asymptomatic, or mild
symptoms
Thiazide diuretics: Ca stones
Allopurinol: uric acid stones
Lithotripsy: stones >5 mm or severe symptoms
Chronic kidney disease - Accurate answers Progressive loss of renal function associated with
systemic disease such as HTN, diabetes, lupus, intrinsic kidney disease
Most significant systemic disease with CKD - Accurate answers Diabetes mellitus
Stage I CKD - Accurate answers Kidney damage, proteinuria, normal GFR >90
Kidney function deterioration 50-60%
Stage II CKD - Accurate answers Kidney damage and mild decrease in GFR 60-88
Kidney function deterioration 60-70%
Stage III CKD - Accurate answers Moderate decrease in GFR 30-59
Kidney function deterioration 70-77.5%
Stage IV CKD - Accurate answers Severe decrease in GFR 15-29
Kidney function deterioration 77.5-85%
Progression to stage V is inevitable
Stage V CKD - Accurate answers End stage kidney disease, dialysis or transplant
GFR <15, kidney function deterioration > 85%
Canidate for dialysis - Accurate answers Symptoms, kidney function, overall health
Symptomatic uremia
Uncontrolled fluid overload and HTN
Hyperkalemia
Acid/base imbalance
Progressive loss of kidney function
GERD - Accurate answers Chronic condition of abnormal reflux of stomach contents into
esophagus
GERD pathophysiology - Accurate answers LES dysfunction
Hiatal hernia
Esophageal motility disorders
Acidic contents
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Acute Renal Failure - Accurate answers Sudden loss of kidney function caused by illness, injury,
toxin that stresses kidneys
Reversible
Determining prognosis of acute renal failure - Accurate answers Kidney's response to diuretics with
good output
Indicates kidneys are functioning well
Pre-renal failure - Accurate answers Most common cause of acute renal failure
Damage occurs before the kidney due to reduced blood flow
Intrarenal failure - Accurate answers Direct damage to kidney
Contrast dye from a procedure
Post renal failure - Accurate answers Disease states downstream of the kidney
Most often occur due to urinary obstruction
Acute Pyelonephritis pathophysiology - Accurate answers Bacterial colonization: E. Coli
Adherence and invasion
Inflammation and immune response: causes symptoms, fever, flank pain
Renal injury and complications: renal scarring, abscess, sepsis, renal failure
Acute Pyelonephritis assessment - Accurate answers Clinical symptoms alone: similar to cystitis,
sicker with pyelo
Symptoms: flank pain, abdominal tenderness, fever
Severe injection symptoms: high fever chills tachycardia
Acute Pyelonephritis labs - Accurate answers Urinalysis: positive urine culture with significant
bacteriuria, pyuria, WBC casts (not always present)
CBC: elevated WBC
Imaging: structural abnormalities, complications (abscess formation or obstruction)
Acute Pyelonephritis treatment - Accurate answers Antibiotic
Supportive care: hydration, analgesics
Hospitalization: severe cases, pregnant women, comorbidities, unable to tolerate oral intake
Follow-up: crucial to monitor treatment, complete full course of antibiotics, repeat urine culture
Renal calculi pathophysiology - Accurate answers Supersaturation: urine is oversaturated with
thing like calcium
Nucleation crystals act as nucleation sites where more crystal deposition can occur
Crystal retention
Stone growth and composition
, Renal calculi physical exam - Accurate answers Flank or abdominal pain, CVA tenderness, hamturia
Renal calculi lab tests - Accurate answers Urinalysis: blood, crystals, infection
Blood test: evaluate renal function, identify metabolic abnormalities
Renal calculi treatment - Accurate answers Conservative for stones <5 mm, asymptomatic, or mild
symptoms
Thiazide diuretics: Ca stones
Allopurinol: uric acid stones
Lithotripsy: stones >5 mm or severe symptoms
Chronic kidney disease - Accurate answers Progressive loss of renal function associated with
systemic disease such as HTN, diabetes, lupus, intrinsic kidney disease
Most significant systemic disease with CKD - Accurate answers Diabetes mellitus
Stage I CKD - Accurate answers Kidney damage, proteinuria, normal GFR >90
Kidney function deterioration 50-60%
Stage II CKD - Accurate answers Kidney damage and mild decrease in GFR 60-88
Kidney function deterioration 60-70%
Stage III CKD - Accurate answers Moderate decrease in GFR 30-59
Kidney function deterioration 70-77.5%
Stage IV CKD - Accurate answers Severe decrease in GFR 15-29
Kidney function deterioration 77.5-85%
Progression to stage V is inevitable
Stage V CKD - Accurate answers End stage kidney disease, dialysis or transplant
GFR <15, kidney function deterioration > 85%
Canidate for dialysis - Accurate answers Symptoms, kidney function, overall health
Symptomatic uremia
Uncontrolled fluid overload and HTN
Hyperkalemia
Acid/base imbalance
Progressive loss of kidney function
GERD - Accurate answers Chronic condition of abnormal reflux of stomach contents into
esophagus
GERD pathophysiology - Accurate answers LES dysfunction
Hiatal hernia
Esophageal motility disorders
Acidic contents
