NR 507 FINAL QUESTIONS WITH 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Body's process for adapting to high hormone level - accurate answers to adapt to high levels of
hormones, some cells have the capacity to decrease the number of receptors for that hormone through
the process of down-regulation.
Cushing's syndrome - accurate answers excessive acth (adrenocorticotropic hormone) production
most commonly caused by an adrenal adenoma or a non-pituitary adenoma as is often seen with lung
cancer. Clinical signs and symptoms: weight gain and hyperpigmentation of skin.
Lab results that point to primary hypothyroidism - accurate answers low levels of thyroid hormone
(t3 and t4) and high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh), most commonly caused by autoimmune
thyroiditis.
Common causes of hypoparathyroidism - accurate answers parathyroid gland injury or removal
Pathophysiology of thyroid storm - accurate answers high levels of thyroid hormone in conjunction
with high levels of stress hormones lead to fever, tachycardia, and eventually high-output heart failure if
the condition is not treated.
Signs of thyrotoxicosis - accurate answers weight loss and enlarged thyroid gland are common
signs of hyperthyroidism in thyrotoxicosis.
Diet and the prevention of prostate cancer - accurate answers some evidence suggests a low fat
diet, low dairy intake and increased fruit and veggie intake prevents prostate cancer
Impact of benign prostatic hypertrophy (bph) on the urinary system - accurate answers enlarged
prostate can block urine flow through the urethra. Can cause urinary retention, which can lead to uti,
kidney infections.
Dermatomes - accurate answers an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal
nerve root.
Each spinal nerve and their many processes are distributed to a specific area of the body. Specific areas
of cutaneous (skin) innervation at these spinal cord segments are called dermatomes. The dermatomes
of various spinal nerves are distributed in a fairly regular pattern, although adjacent regions between
dermatomes can be innervated by more than one spinal nerve.
Substance release at the synapse - accurate answers neurons form points of contact with other
neurons through synapse. Impulses transmitted through electric and chemical conduction. Vesicles
containing neurotransmitters release their contents into the synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters diffuse
across the cleft and bind to specific receptors on postsynaptic neuron and trigger an action potential.
Common neurotransmitters include norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin,
glycine, endorphins.
,Spondylolysis - accurate answers structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior
structures). Most affected at l5 of lumbar spine. Mechanical pressure often causes anterior
displacement of the deficient vertebra (spondylolisthesis). Often hereditary; associated with increased
incidence of other congenital spine defects. Microfractures occur at site, symptoms include lower back
pain and lower limb pain.
Cervical spondylolysis is hypertrophy and disc degeneration with narrowing of cervical spine at c5-c6
and c6-c7. Signs/symptoms include neck or occipital pain, pain in shoulder, scapula, or arms. Sensory
symptoms of numbness or tingling follow a dermatomal pattern; weakness follows the pattern of
innervation of the affected nerve root. Occipital or suboccipital headache is another symptom. Can also
cause difficulty walking, altered sensation in feet, and sphincter disturbances (late sign).
Location of the motor and sensory areas of the brain - accurate answers frontal lobe-goal oriented
behavior, short term memory, elaboration of thought, and inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of
cns
Premotor area-programming motor movements
Primary motor area in frontal lobe- forms primary voluntary motor area- electrical stimulation of specific
areas of this cortex causes specific muscles to move. Contains corticobulbar tract that synapses in
brainstems and provides voluntary control of neck and head muscles. Corticospinal tracts descend into
spinal cord and control muscles in the body. Cerebral impulses control function on opposite sides of
body-contralateral control.
Broca area- inferior frontal lobe; is for speech and language processing. Expressive aphasia or dysphasia
occurs when area is damaged.
Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus, which is
adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus. Communication between the two areas is
through association fibers. Involved in sensory association.
Occipital lobe- behind parietal lobe and above cerebellum. Primary visual cortex, receives input from
retinas
Temporal lobe- primary auditory cortex, also in memory consolidation and smell. Wenicke area-sensory
speech area; responsible for reception and interpretation of speech, can result in receptive aphasia or
dysphasia when damaged.
Pathophysiology of cerebral infarction and excitotoxins - accurate answers occurs when area of
brain loses blood flow due to vascular occlusion. Ex-emboli or thrombi, gradual vessel occlusion
(atheroma), and stenosed vessels. Strokes are often cause of infarction related to occlusions or
hemorrhages, disrupting blood flow to parts of the brain. Cerebral thrombi and cerebral emboli most
often produce occlusions, but atherosclerosis and hypotension are underlying process.
Can be either ischemic or hemorrhagic in nature. Ischemic causes affected area to become pale and soft
within 6-12 hours after occlusion. Necrosis, swelling and mushy degeneration after 48 to 72 hours. Then
area is infiltrated with macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue, leaving a cavity behind.
If occlusion of cerebral artery occurs, there is some vascular remodeling to maintain some blood flow.
Hemorrhagic infarcts are bleeding into infarcted area through leaking vessels when embolic fragments
resolve, and reperfusion begins to occur. Can be exacerbated by thrombotic therapy.
Excitotoxins- ischemia damages the brain by triggering a cascade of biochemical events that lead to
neuronal and glial dysfunction and cell death. One major segment of this cascade involves release of
excitatory neurotransmitter amino acid, glutamate, which can over excite and kill neurons in the vicinity.
, Agnosia - accurate answers failure to recognize form and nature of objects. Can be visual, tactile,
or auditory. Example-person may not be able to identify a safety pin by touching it with a hand but can
name it when looking at it. Produced by dysfunction in the primary sensory area or interpretive areas of
cerebral cortex (temporo-occipital area). Most often occurs with cerebrovascular accidents but can
occur with pathologic processes that injures specific areas: parietal lobe, temporo-occipital area, inferior
occipital cortex in left hemisphere, right parietal lobe, left parietotemporal region, superior temporal
area, right superior temporal area.
Accumulation of blood in a subarachnoid hemorrhage - accurate answers the escape of blood from
a defective or injured vasculature into subarachnoid space (bleeding into the space between the brain
and tissue covering brain). At risk people are intracranial aneurysm, intracranial arteriovenous
malformation, hypertension, family history of sah, and those with head injuries. Can reoccur, especially
from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Also, heavy alcohol use, tobacco use, anticoagulation use, and
contraceptive use can cause sah. Mortality is about 50%, one third of survivors require dependent care.
Caused by blood into subarachnoid space and blood increases intracranial volume, irritates the
meningeal and other neural tissues, and causes an inflammatory reaction. Also blood coats nerve roots,
clogs arachnoid granulations (impairing csf reabsorption), and clogs foramina within ventricular system
(impairing csf circulation). Intracranial pressure increases. Expanding hematoma acts like a space-
occupying lesion, compressing and displacing brain tissue with increased icp, decreased cerebral
perfusion pressures, decreased cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain edema,
inflammation, and cell death.
S/s severe headache, changes in mental status or level of consciousness, nausea or vomiting, neuro
deficits. Meningeal irritation and inflammation occur and cause neck stiffness (nuchal rigidity),
photophobia, blurred vision, irritability, restlessness, positive kernig sign and brudzinski signs.
Kernig sign- straightening the knee with the hip and knee in a flexed position produces pain in back and
neck regions.
Brudzinski sign- passive flexion of the neck produces neck pain and increased rigidity
Most common cause of meningitis - accurate answers an inflammation of the brain or spinal cord.
Can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxins.
Bacterial- infection of pia mater and arachnoid villi, the subarachnoid space, ventricular system, and csf.
Affects about 5 to 10 per 100,000 people annually. Meningococcus and pneumococcus are most
common pathogens. Common in college campuses, military bases, young children or adolescents.
Kissing disease. Most common type
Viral-aseptic meningitis- limited to meninges and an identifiable bacterium or specific pathogen cannot
be found in csf. Most at risk populations and times of year are dependent on the virus and immune
system of patients.
Fungal- chronic condition and is much less common than bacterial or viral. Common types:
histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, mucormycosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis.
Tubercular-common and serious form of cns tuberculosis, common in immunocompromised patients.
Caused by mycobacteria.
Conditions that result in pure water deficit (hypertonic volume depletion) - accurate answers a
result of pure water losses, hyperventilation, arid climates and an increase in renal clearance
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Body's process for adapting to high hormone level - accurate answers to adapt to high levels of
hormones, some cells have the capacity to decrease the number of receptors for that hormone through
the process of down-regulation.
Cushing's syndrome - accurate answers excessive acth (adrenocorticotropic hormone) production
most commonly caused by an adrenal adenoma or a non-pituitary adenoma as is often seen with lung
cancer. Clinical signs and symptoms: weight gain and hyperpigmentation of skin.
Lab results that point to primary hypothyroidism - accurate answers low levels of thyroid hormone
(t3 and t4) and high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh), most commonly caused by autoimmune
thyroiditis.
Common causes of hypoparathyroidism - accurate answers parathyroid gland injury or removal
Pathophysiology of thyroid storm - accurate answers high levels of thyroid hormone in conjunction
with high levels of stress hormones lead to fever, tachycardia, and eventually high-output heart failure if
the condition is not treated.
Signs of thyrotoxicosis - accurate answers weight loss and enlarged thyroid gland are common
signs of hyperthyroidism in thyrotoxicosis.
Diet and the prevention of prostate cancer - accurate answers some evidence suggests a low fat
diet, low dairy intake and increased fruit and veggie intake prevents prostate cancer
Impact of benign prostatic hypertrophy (bph) on the urinary system - accurate answers enlarged
prostate can block urine flow through the urethra. Can cause urinary retention, which can lead to uti,
kidney infections.
Dermatomes - accurate answers an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal
nerve root.
Each spinal nerve and their many processes are distributed to a specific area of the body. Specific areas
of cutaneous (skin) innervation at these spinal cord segments are called dermatomes. The dermatomes
of various spinal nerves are distributed in a fairly regular pattern, although adjacent regions between
dermatomes can be innervated by more than one spinal nerve.
Substance release at the synapse - accurate answers neurons form points of contact with other
neurons through synapse. Impulses transmitted through electric and chemical conduction. Vesicles
containing neurotransmitters release their contents into the synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters diffuse
across the cleft and bind to specific receptors on postsynaptic neuron and trigger an action potential.
Common neurotransmitters include norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin,
glycine, endorphins.
,Spondylolysis - accurate answers structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior
structures). Most affected at l5 of lumbar spine. Mechanical pressure often causes anterior
displacement of the deficient vertebra (spondylolisthesis). Often hereditary; associated with increased
incidence of other congenital spine defects. Microfractures occur at site, symptoms include lower back
pain and lower limb pain.
Cervical spondylolysis is hypertrophy and disc degeneration with narrowing of cervical spine at c5-c6
and c6-c7. Signs/symptoms include neck or occipital pain, pain in shoulder, scapula, or arms. Sensory
symptoms of numbness or tingling follow a dermatomal pattern; weakness follows the pattern of
innervation of the affected nerve root. Occipital or suboccipital headache is another symptom. Can also
cause difficulty walking, altered sensation in feet, and sphincter disturbances (late sign).
Location of the motor and sensory areas of the brain - accurate answers frontal lobe-goal oriented
behavior, short term memory, elaboration of thought, and inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of
cns
Premotor area-programming motor movements
Primary motor area in frontal lobe- forms primary voluntary motor area- electrical stimulation of specific
areas of this cortex causes specific muscles to move. Contains corticobulbar tract that synapses in
brainstems and provides voluntary control of neck and head muscles. Corticospinal tracts descend into
spinal cord and control muscles in the body. Cerebral impulses control function on opposite sides of
body-contralateral control.
Broca area- inferior frontal lobe; is for speech and language processing. Expressive aphasia or dysphasia
occurs when area is damaged.
Parietal lobe- major area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus, which is
adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus. Communication between the two areas is
through association fibers. Involved in sensory association.
Occipital lobe- behind parietal lobe and above cerebellum. Primary visual cortex, receives input from
retinas
Temporal lobe- primary auditory cortex, also in memory consolidation and smell. Wenicke area-sensory
speech area; responsible for reception and interpretation of speech, can result in receptive aphasia or
dysphasia when damaged.
Pathophysiology of cerebral infarction and excitotoxins - accurate answers occurs when area of
brain loses blood flow due to vascular occlusion. Ex-emboli or thrombi, gradual vessel occlusion
(atheroma), and stenosed vessels. Strokes are often cause of infarction related to occlusions or
hemorrhages, disrupting blood flow to parts of the brain. Cerebral thrombi and cerebral emboli most
often produce occlusions, but atherosclerosis and hypotension are underlying process.
Can be either ischemic or hemorrhagic in nature. Ischemic causes affected area to become pale and soft
within 6-12 hours after occlusion. Necrosis, swelling and mushy degeneration after 48 to 72 hours. Then
area is infiltrated with macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue, leaving a cavity behind.
If occlusion of cerebral artery occurs, there is some vascular remodeling to maintain some blood flow.
Hemorrhagic infarcts are bleeding into infarcted area through leaking vessels when embolic fragments
resolve, and reperfusion begins to occur. Can be exacerbated by thrombotic therapy.
Excitotoxins- ischemia damages the brain by triggering a cascade of biochemical events that lead to
neuronal and glial dysfunction and cell death. One major segment of this cascade involves release of
excitatory neurotransmitter amino acid, glutamate, which can over excite and kill neurons in the vicinity.
, Agnosia - accurate answers failure to recognize form and nature of objects. Can be visual, tactile,
or auditory. Example-person may not be able to identify a safety pin by touching it with a hand but can
name it when looking at it. Produced by dysfunction in the primary sensory area or interpretive areas of
cerebral cortex (temporo-occipital area). Most often occurs with cerebrovascular accidents but can
occur with pathologic processes that injures specific areas: parietal lobe, temporo-occipital area, inferior
occipital cortex in left hemisphere, right parietal lobe, left parietotemporal region, superior temporal
area, right superior temporal area.
Accumulation of blood in a subarachnoid hemorrhage - accurate answers the escape of blood from
a defective or injured vasculature into subarachnoid space (bleeding into the space between the brain
and tissue covering brain). At risk people are intracranial aneurysm, intracranial arteriovenous
malformation, hypertension, family history of sah, and those with head injuries. Can reoccur, especially
from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Also, heavy alcohol use, tobacco use, anticoagulation use, and
contraceptive use can cause sah. Mortality is about 50%, one third of survivors require dependent care.
Caused by blood into subarachnoid space and blood increases intracranial volume, irritates the
meningeal and other neural tissues, and causes an inflammatory reaction. Also blood coats nerve roots,
clogs arachnoid granulations (impairing csf reabsorption), and clogs foramina within ventricular system
(impairing csf circulation). Intracranial pressure increases. Expanding hematoma acts like a space-
occupying lesion, compressing and displacing brain tissue with increased icp, decreased cerebral
perfusion pressures, decreased cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain edema,
inflammation, and cell death.
S/s severe headache, changes in mental status or level of consciousness, nausea or vomiting, neuro
deficits. Meningeal irritation and inflammation occur and cause neck stiffness (nuchal rigidity),
photophobia, blurred vision, irritability, restlessness, positive kernig sign and brudzinski signs.
Kernig sign- straightening the knee with the hip and knee in a flexed position produces pain in back and
neck regions.
Brudzinski sign- passive flexion of the neck produces neck pain and increased rigidity
Most common cause of meningitis - accurate answers an inflammation of the brain or spinal cord.
Can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxins.
Bacterial- infection of pia mater and arachnoid villi, the subarachnoid space, ventricular system, and csf.
Affects about 5 to 10 per 100,000 people annually. Meningococcus and pneumococcus are most
common pathogens. Common in college campuses, military bases, young children or adolescents.
Kissing disease. Most common type
Viral-aseptic meningitis- limited to meninges and an identifiable bacterium or specific pathogen cannot
be found in csf. Most at risk populations and times of year are dependent on the virus and immune
system of patients.
Fungal- chronic condition and is much less common than bacterial or viral. Common types:
histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, mucormycosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis.
Tubercular-common and serious form of cns tuberculosis, common in immunocompromised patients.
Caused by mycobacteria.
Conditions that result in pure water deficit (hypertonic volume depletion) - accurate answers a
result of pure water losses, hyperventilation, arid climates and an increase in renal clearance
