NR 507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Dermatomes - Accurate answers area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single
spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their
branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - Accurate answers Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - Accurate answers structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior
structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - Accurate answers Parietal lobe- major area for somatic
sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the
precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
Ischemic penumbra - Accurate answers ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct
tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - Accurate answers ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12
hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week.
glial scarring.
excitotoxins - Accurate answers Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release
and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - Accurate answers the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
, -Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - Accurate answers Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - Accurate answers Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most
common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - Accurate answers -Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - Accurate answers - Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - Accurate answers - fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - Accurate answers -Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - Accurate answers - Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small cell carcinoma of
the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia, weight gain,
thin hair, moon face, easy bruising, buffalo hump, protein wasting
Cause of hypoparathyroidism - Accurate answers -decreased PTH
-Damage to or removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery.
- genetic syndromes, familial hypoparathyroidism, diGeorge syndrome, and idiopathic, or autoimmune
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Dermatomes - Accurate answers area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single
spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal cord, and their
branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - Accurate answers Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - Accurate answers structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior
structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - Accurate answers Parietal lobe- major area for somatic
sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the
precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
Ischemic penumbra - Accurate answers ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-infarct
tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - Accurate answers ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-12
hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the 2nd week.
glial scarring.
excitotoxins - Accurate answers Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate release
and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - Accurate answers the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
, -Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - Accurate answers Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - Accurate answers Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are most
common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - Accurate answers -Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - Accurate answers - Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - Accurate answers - fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - Accurate answers -Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - Accurate answers - Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH (Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as small cell carcinoma of
the lung.or adrenal tumor (rare)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia, weight gain,
thin hair, moon face, easy bruising, buffalo hump, protein wasting
Cause of hypoparathyroidism - Accurate answers -decreased PTH
-Damage to or removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery.
- genetic syndromes, familial hypoparathyroidism, diGeorge syndrome, and idiopathic, or autoimmune
