EPD FINAL TEST 2026 STUDY GUIDE WITH
DETAILED ANSWER KEY
● Urban Areas. Answer: These are more vulnerable due to factors like
poor infrastructure, environmental degradation, and social inequalities
● Urban Areas. Answer: The forefront of climate change impacts and
natural hazards, making them critical points for implementing effective
adaptation strategies.
● Adaptation. Answer: It focuses on reducing vulnerability and
improving resilience through infrastructure, policy, and community-
based solutions.
● Mitigation. Answer: A human intervention to reduce the sources or
enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.
● Adaptation. Answer: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), this refers to "adjustments in ecological, social,
or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli
and their effects or impacts."
,● Adaptation; Mitigation. Answer: __________ aims to reduce
vulnerability to climate change impacts, while __________ seeks to
reduce the causes of climate change by limiting GHG emissions and
enhancing sinks.
● Adaptation; Mitigation. Answer: The benefits of __________ tend to
be local and realized in the near term, while __________ are global and
occur gradually over the long-term.
● Mitigation; Adaptation. Answer: __________ costs are distributed
more widely, while __________ costs are generally borne by the entities
that benefit directly like local communities or countries.
● Mitigation; Adaptation. Answer: __________ addressed future risks
on longer timescales, while __________ often involves imminent
actions in response to current climate impacts.
● - Conceptual Framework for Creating Climate Resilient Urban
Governance
- The 'ADAptation Plan Quality Assessment' (ADAQA) Index
Construction Rationale
- Umbrella Program on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation for
Southeast Asia: Framework for Collaboration 2015-2020. Answer:
Frameworks tackling Urban Adaptation and Mitigation
,● Natural, Environmental, Anthropogenic or Human-Induced Hazards.
Answer: Hazard Types
● Natural Hazards. Answer: Natural phenomena (observable events
without human intervention) .
● Environmental Hazards. Answer: This may refer to biological,
chemical, and natural hazards. They can be brought about by physical or
chemical pollution of the air, water, or soil or by environmental
degradation.
● Anthropogenic or Human-Induced Hazards. Answer: These are
induced entirely or predominantly by human activities and choices.
Terrorist attacks and other forms of armed conflict (e.g., wars) can be
classified under this type.
● Displacement and Migration, Loss of Life and Mental Health,
Disruption to Education and Healthcare, Increase in Vulnerability and
Inequality. Answer: Social Impacts of Calamites
● Displacement and Migration. Answer: _________ occurs when homes
and communities are destroyed or rendered uninhabitable. _________
forces people to leave their homes in search of safety and shelter.
, ● Loss of Life and Mental Health. Answer: Fatalities can result in deep
personal and community-wide grief, often exacerbated by the loss of
entire families or communities.
● Disruption to Education and Healthcare. Answer: Schools and
hospitals often become damaged or destroyed, disrupting education for
children and medical care for the injured or ill.
● Increase in Vulnerability and Inequality. Answer: Social Inequality can
be exacerbated by disasters, as marginalized groups—such as the poor,
women, and minorities—often face more severe consequences. These
groups may lack access to resources for rebuilding and recovery.
● - Damage to Infrastructure and Property
- Disruption of Local and National Industries. Answer: Economic
Impacts of Calamities
● Damage to Infrastructure and Property. Answer: The destruction of
homes, businesses, roads, bridges, and communication networks results
in significant repair and reconstruction costs. The value of lost property
can be a direct burden on local economies.
● Disruption of Local and National Industries. Answer: The destruction
of businesses and industries can lead to unemployment and loss of
livelihoods, creating both immediate and long-term economic distress.
DETAILED ANSWER KEY
● Urban Areas. Answer: These are more vulnerable due to factors like
poor infrastructure, environmental degradation, and social inequalities
● Urban Areas. Answer: The forefront of climate change impacts and
natural hazards, making them critical points for implementing effective
adaptation strategies.
● Adaptation. Answer: It focuses on reducing vulnerability and
improving resilience through infrastructure, policy, and community-
based solutions.
● Mitigation. Answer: A human intervention to reduce the sources or
enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.
● Adaptation. Answer: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), this refers to "adjustments in ecological, social,
or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli
and their effects or impacts."
,● Adaptation; Mitigation. Answer: __________ aims to reduce
vulnerability to climate change impacts, while __________ seeks to
reduce the causes of climate change by limiting GHG emissions and
enhancing sinks.
● Adaptation; Mitigation. Answer: The benefits of __________ tend to
be local and realized in the near term, while __________ are global and
occur gradually over the long-term.
● Mitigation; Adaptation. Answer: __________ costs are distributed
more widely, while __________ costs are generally borne by the entities
that benefit directly like local communities or countries.
● Mitigation; Adaptation. Answer: __________ addressed future risks
on longer timescales, while __________ often involves imminent
actions in response to current climate impacts.
● - Conceptual Framework for Creating Climate Resilient Urban
Governance
- The 'ADAptation Plan Quality Assessment' (ADAQA) Index
Construction Rationale
- Umbrella Program on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation for
Southeast Asia: Framework for Collaboration 2015-2020. Answer:
Frameworks tackling Urban Adaptation and Mitigation
,● Natural, Environmental, Anthropogenic or Human-Induced Hazards.
Answer: Hazard Types
● Natural Hazards. Answer: Natural phenomena (observable events
without human intervention) .
● Environmental Hazards. Answer: This may refer to biological,
chemical, and natural hazards. They can be brought about by physical or
chemical pollution of the air, water, or soil or by environmental
degradation.
● Anthropogenic or Human-Induced Hazards. Answer: These are
induced entirely or predominantly by human activities and choices.
Terrorist attacks and other forms of armed conflict (e.g., wars) can be
classified under this type.
● Displacement and Migration, Loss of Life and Mental Health,
Disruption to Education and Healthcare, Increase in Vulnerability and
Inequality. Answer: Social Impacts of Calamites
● Displacement and Migration. Answer: _________ occurs when homes
and communities are destroyed or rendered uninhabitable. _________
forces people to leave their homes in search of safety and shelter.
, ● Loss of Life and Mental Health. Answer: Fatalities can result in deep
personal and community-wide grief, often exacerbated by the loss of
entire families or communities.
● Disruption to Education and Healthcare. Answer: Schools and
hospitals often become damaged or destroyed, disrupting education for
children and medical care for the injured or ill.
● Increase in Vulnerability and Inequality. Answer: Social Inequality can
be exacerbated by disasters, as marginalized groups—such as the poor,
women, and minorities—often face more severe consequences. These
groups may lack access to resources for rebuilding and recovery.
● - Damage to Infrastructure and Property
- Disruption of Local and National Industries. Answer: Economic
Impacts of Calamities
● Damage to Infrastructure and Property. Answer: The destruction of
homes, businesses, roads, bridges, and communication networks results
in significant repair and reconstruction costs. The value of lost property
can be a direct burden on local economies.
● Disruption of Local and National Industries. Answer: The destruction
of businesses and industries can lead to unemployment and loss of
livelihoods, creating both immediate and long-term economic distress.
