PH 125 Midterm Study Guide Exam With
Complete Solutions
Social-Ecological Perspective - ANSWER Social Ecological Paradigm is the basis for
understanding the community and environmental origins of public health problems and for
organizing disease prevention and wellness promotion programs that can effectively
ameliorate those problems. The social ecological perspectives on health suggest that the
effectiveness of wellness promotion efforts can be enhanced through multilevel intervention
"packages" combining both behaviors and environmental modifications strategies
Human Environment - ANSWER complex systems in which local settings and organizations
are nested within more complex and remote regions
Miasma - ANSWER noxious air or vapor
-The miasma theory is an obsolete medical theory that held diseases were caused by a
miasma, also known as night air.
Epidemic - ANSWER outbreaks of a disease that has spread through a population
Quarantine - ANSWER a state, period, or place of isolation in which people or animals that
have arrived from elsewhere or been exposed to infectious or contagious disease are placed.
Water Sanitation - ANSWER the process of cleaning and purifying water so that it is safe for
,use.
Shattuck's report and the Modern Era of public health - ANSWER Shattuck made a health
report that served as a guide in the field of health for the next century (Recommendations:
establish state & local boards of health, collect & analyze vital stats, exchange health info,
maintain sanitary inspections, sanitation programs, study health of school kids, research
tuberculosis, etc.). Produced no results until 1869
Health promotion in "The Ottawa Charter" - ANSWER The Ottawa Charter emphasized that
lifestyle and conditions of living contribute more to health than medical care does. Stresses
the social and economic aspects of lifestyle. Emphasized the importance of community action
to enhance opportunities for people to practice healthful lifestyles
List 4 public health control measures that were practiced before the 19th century. Describe
their effectiveness in improving health - ANSWER -Quarantine was used and helped prevent
the spread of contagious diseases
-Vaccines were used were effective in improving health it led to virus immunity.
-Water sanitation via water drainage networks were effective in preventing water borne
diseases.
-Penicillin was effective because it kills bacterial infections that could otherwise be fatal
According to Green ("Through the Centuries"), what distinguished the Modern Era of Health
(beginning with Shattuck's report in 1850) from the previous era? - ANSWER An organized,
disciplined attack on environmental problems of disease transmission followed from
recognizing the importance of a united public approach to health protection
,According to a social-ecological perspective, what influences community well-being? -
ANSWER - The healthfulness of a situation and the wellbeing of its participants are assumed
to be influenced by multiple aspects both the physical (geography, architecture, technology)
and social (culture, economics, and politics) environment
- Health status is influenced by environment but also personal attributes like genetics,
psychological dispositions, and behavioral patterns
According to Stokols, why do lifestyle change programs that focus narrowly on modifying
specific health behaviors often fail? - ANSWER They fail because they don't take into account
the dynamic interplay of environment and personal factors
According to Stokols, what is meant by a cycle of mutual influence, also referred to as
dynamic interrelations? Give an example. - ANSWER -Dynamic interrelations means the
physical and social features of settings directly influence their occupants' health and
concurrently the participants in settings modify the healthfulness of their surroundings
through their individual and collective actions
-Ex. individuals routine exposure to community violence leads to feelings of
disempowerment, helplessness, and depression, which in turn prevent their efforts to adopt
health promotive practices related to dietary improvement and physical activity.
Pick a specific illness and provide examples of the "multiple layers of influence" for
community health. - ANSWER Diabetes:
-Cant afford healthy food puts them at more risk
-Cant afford insulin
, -Genetic susceptibility to diabetes
-Community doesn't have healthy food options
-Doesn't have health care access for diagnosis to get it under control
Division of labor - ANSWER -the complex set of economic interrelationships among
producers, consumers, managers, laborers, etc. arising from specialization and
interdependence
Social Cost - ANSWER costs that are not directly paid by the producer of a product
Central Place Theory - ANSWER -The need to be close enough to a market to make the
division of labor possible created a spatial arrangement of markets called the "Central Place"
pattern. Bc the central place is in the middle & there's traders farther outside the market that
cannot participate due to their cost of energy being higher than the cost of producing
products, new market places form around the central one. Service areas don't remain circular
because there are gaps in between marketplaces and traders that live in those gaps go to the
closest market forming lines between the service areas.(honey comb pattern)
The force of agglomeration - ANSWER firms are located close to each other based on the
desire to lower costs, which attracts people and activities to urban areas
Geometry of industrial location - ANSWER the process of finding the point of lowest
production cost
Complete Solutions
Social-Ecological Perspective - ANSWER Social Ecological Paradigm is the basis for
understanding the community and environmental origins of public health problems and for
organizing disease prevention and wellness promotion programs that can effectively
ameliorate those problems. The social ecological perspectives on health suggest that the
effectiveness of wellness promotion efforts can be enhanced through multilevel intervention
"packages" combining both behaviors and environmental modifications strategies
Human Environment - ANSWER complex systems in which local settings and organizations
are nested within more complex and remote regions
Miasma - ANSWER noxious air or vapor
-The miasma theory is an obsolete medical theory that held diseases were caused by a
miasma, also known as night air.
Epidemic - ANSWER outbreaks of a disease that has spread through a population
Quarantine - ANSWER a state, period, or place of isolation in which people or animals that
have arrived from elsewhere or been exposed to infectious or contagious disease are placed.
Water Sanitation - ANSWER the process of cleaning and purifying water so that it is safe for
,use.
Shattuck's report and the Modern Era of public health - ANSWER Shattuck made a health
report that served as a guide in the field of health for the next century (Recommendations:
establish state & local boards of health, collect & analyze vital stats, exchange health info,
maintain sanitary inspections, sanitation programs, study health of school kids, research
tuberculosis, etc.). Produced no results until 1869
Health promotion in "The Ottawa Charter" - ANSWER The Ottawa Charter emphasized that
lifestyle and conditions of living contribute more to health than medical care does. Stresses
the social and economic aspects of lifestyle. Emphasized the importance of community action
to enhance opportunities for people to practice healthful lifestyles
List 4 public health control measures that were practiced before the 19th century. Describe
their effectiveness in improving health - ANSWER -Quarantine was used and helped prevent
the spread of contagious diseases
-Vaccines were used were effective in improving health it led to virus immunity.
-Water sanitation via water drainage networks were effective in preventing water borne
diseases.
-Penicillin was effective because it kills bacterial infections that could otherwise be fatal
According to Green ("Through the Centuries"), what distinguished the Modern Era of Health
(beginning with Shattuck's report in 1850) from the previous era? - ANSWER An organized,
disciplined attack on environmental problems of disease transmission followed from
recognizing the importance of a united public approach to health protection
,According to a social-ecological perspective, what influences community well-being? -
ANSWER - The healthfulness of a situation and the wellbeing of its participants are assumed
to be influenced by multiple aspects both the physical (geography, architecture, technology)
and social (culture, economics, and politics) environment
- Health status is influenced by environment but also personal attributes like genetics,
psychological dispositions, and behavioral patterns
According to Stokols, why do lifestyle change programs that focus narrowly on modifying
specific health behaviors often fail? - ANSWER They fail because they don't take into account
the dynamic interplay of environment and personal factors
According to Stokols, what is meant by a cycle of mutual influence, also referred to as
dynamic interrelations? Give an example. - ANSWER -Dynamic interrelations means the
physical and social features of settings directly influence their occupants' health and
concurrently the participants in settings modify the healthfulness of their surroundings
through their individual and collective actions
-Ex. individuals routine exposure to community violence leads to feelings of
disempowerment, helplessness, and depression, which in turn prevent their efforts to adopt
health promotive practices related to dietary improvement and physical activity.
Pick a specific illness and provide examples of the "multiple layers of influence" for
community health. - ANSWER Diabetes:
-Cant afford healthy food puts them at more risk
-Cant afford insulin
, -Genetic susceptibility to diabetes
-Community doesn't have healthy food options
-Doesn't have health care access for diagnosis to get it under control
Division of labor - ANSWER -the complex set of economic interrelationships among
producers, consumers, managers, laborers, etc. arising from specialization and
interdependence
Social Cost - ANSWER costs that are not directly paid by the producer of a product
Central Place Theory - ANSWER -The need to be close enough to a market to make the
division of labor possible created a spatial arrangement of markets called the "Central Place"
pattern. Bc the central place is in the middle & there's traders farther outside the market that
cannot participate due to their cost of energy being higher than the cost of producing
products, new market places form around the central one. Service areas don't remain circular
because there are gaps in between marketplaces and traders that live in those gaps go to the
closest market forming lines between the service areas.(honey comb pattern)
The force of agglomeration - ANSWER firms are located close to each other based on the
desire to lower costs, which attracts people and activities to urban areas
Geometry of industrial location - ANSWER the process of finding the point of lowest
production cost
