BNKN602 EXAMS EVALUATION 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Increased frequency of chest infections - ✔✔More frequent occurrences of infections
in the chest area.
✔✔Peak flow - ✔✔A measurement to gain a baseline of the patient's respiratory
function.
✔✔Posterior chest Ax - ✔✔An assessment to listen for abnormal breathing sounds.
✔✔WOB - ✔✔Work of Breathing; noted as a baseline prior to interventions.
✔✔Airway patency - ✔✔Ensuring the airway is open for maximum air entry.
✔✔Administer O2 as prescribed - ✔✔To reduce the risk of hypoxia.
✔✔Administer inhalers as prescribed - ✔✔To dilate the bronchioles to allow the patient
to breathe easier.
✔✔Atherosclerosis - ✔✔A condition where arteries become narrowed due to plaque
buildup.
✔✔Hypertension - ✔✔High blood pressure, a risk factor for various cardiovascular
diseases.
✔✔High cholesterol - ✔✔Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood, contributing to
plaque formation.
✔✔Obesity - ✔✔Excess body weight that increases the risk of health problems.
✔✔Diabetes - ✔✔A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels.
✔✔Smoking - ✔✔The act of inhaling tobacco smoke, a significant risk factor for many
diseases.
✔✔Chest pain (angina) - ✔✔Pain in the chest due to reduced blood flow to the heart.
✔✔Cold sweats - ✔✔Sweating without an apparent cause, often associated with
distress.
✔✔Heart palpitations - ✔✔The feeling of having a fast-beating, fluttering, or pounding
heart.
, ✔✔SOB - ✔✔Shortness of Breath; difficulty in breathing.
✔✔ECG - ✔✔A test to get a baseline of the patient's electrical conduction through the
heart.
✔✔Peripheral vascular Ax - ✔✔An assessment to get a baseline of edema in
extremities.
✔✔Administer cholesterol lowering medications - ✔✔To reduce the amount of plaque in
the arteries.
✔✔Provide education on lifestyle modifications - ✔✔To encourage a healthier lifestyle
to prevent further blockage.
✔✔Angina - ✔✔Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
✔✔GTN spray - ✔✔Glyceryl Trinitrate spray used to dilate blood vessels and relieve
pain.
✔✔Acute Kidney Failure / AKI - ✔✔A sudden decrease in kidney function.
✔✔Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Sudden decline in kidney function which can occur rapidly
and inhibits the ability of kidneys to regulate fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.
✔✔Aetiology of Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Usually caused by an event that leads to
kidney malfunction such as dehydration, blood loss, injury, or use of medicines.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Decreased urine output, fluid
retention, peripheral oedema, fatigue, confusion.
✔✔Nursing Assessments for Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Peripheral vascular Ax - to
assess for presence of, or severity of LL oedema.
✔✔Nursing Interventions for Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Encourage F+F, treat any
infection with appropriate ABx, restore lost fluid or electrolytes with IVF if required.
✔✔Chronic Renal Failure Pathophysiology - ✔✔Systemic disease causes renal injury
which leads to loss of nephrons and release of angiotensin B, leading to glomerular
capillary hypertension, increased glomerular permeability and filtration, increased
tubular protein reabsorption, resulting in renal scarring and irreversible damage.
✔✔Aetiology of Chronic Renal Failure - ✔✔Diabetes, HTN, obesity, smoking, age.
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Increased frequency of chest infections - ✔✔More frequent occurrences of infections
in the chest area.
✔✔Peak flow - ✔✔A measurement to gain a baseline of the patient's respiratory
function.
✔✔Posterior chest Ax - ✔✔An assessment to listen for abnormal breathing sounds.
✔✔WOB - ✔✔Work of Breathing; noted as a baseline prior to interventions.
✔✔Airway patency - ✔✔Ensuring the airway is open for maximum air entry.
✔✔Administer O2 as prescribed - ✔✔To reduce the risk of hypoxia.
✔✔Administer inhalers as prescribed - ✔✔To dilate the bronchioles to allow the patient
to breathe easier.
✔✔Atherosclerosis - ✔✔A condition where arteries become narrowed due to plaque
buildup.
✔✔Hypertension - ✔✔High blood pressure, a risk factor for various cardiovascular
diseases.
✔✔High cholesterol - ✔✔Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood, contributing to
plaque formation.
✔✔Obesity - ✔✔Excess body weight that increases the risk of health problems.
✔✔Diabetes - ✔✔A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels.
✔✔Smoking - ✔✔The act of inhaling tobacco smoke, a significant risk factor for many
diseases.
✔✔Chest pain (angina) - ✔✔Pain in the chest due to reduced blood flow to the heart.
✔✔Cold sweats - ✔✔Sweating without an apparent cause, often associated with
distress.
✔✔Heart palpitations - ✔✔The feeling of having a fast-beating, fluttering, or pounding
heart.
, ✔✔SOB - ✔✔Shortness of Breath; difficulty in breathing.
✔✔ECG - ✔✔A test to get a baseline of the patient's electrical conduction through the
heart.
✔✔Peripheral vascular Ax - ✔✔An assessment to get a baseline of edema in
extremities.
✔✔Administer cholesterol lowering medications - ✔✔To reduce the amount of plaque in
the arteries.
✔✔Provide education on lifestyle modifications - ✔✔To encourage a healthier lifestyle
to prevent further blockage.
✔✔Angina - ✔✔Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
✔✔GTN spray - ✔✔Glyceryl Trinitrate spray used to dilate blood vessels and relieve
pain.
✔✔Acute Kidney Failure / AKI - ✔✔A sudden decrease in kidney function.
✔✔Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Sudden decline in kidney function which can occur rapidly
and inhibits the ability of kidneys to regulate fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.
✔✔Aetiology of Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Usually caused by an event that leads to
kidney malfunction such as dehydration, blood loss, injury, or use of medicines.
✔✔Signs and Symptoms of Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Decreased urine output, fluid
retention, peripheral oedema, fatigue, confusion.
✔✔Nursing Assessments for Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Peripheral vascular Ax - to
assess for presence of, or severity of LL oedema.
✔✔Nursing Interventions for Acute Kidney Injury - ✔✔Encourage F+F, treat any
infection with appropriate ABx, restore lost fluid or electrolytes with IVF if required.
✔✔Chronic Renal Failure Pathophysiology - ✔✔Systemic disease causes renal injury
which leads to loss of nephrons and release of angiotensin B, leading to glomerular
capillary hypertension, increased glomerular permeability and filtration, increased
tubular protein reabsorption, resulting in renal scarring and irreversible damage.
✔✔Aetiology of Chronic Renal Failure - ✔✔Diabetes, HTN, obesity, smoking, age.
