MARYVILLE NURS 611 EXAM 4
QUESTIONS & VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS
What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in older adults? - correct answer ✔✔confusion and
poorly localized abdominal discomfort (symptoms are vague).
How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys require? - correct answer ✔✔20-25%
What causes the umbilical referred pain with kidney stones? - correct answer ✔✔sensory
innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root.
What is pyelonephritis? - correct answer ✔✔it is an infection of one or both upper urinary
tracts(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium).
What are the underlying risk factors for the development of pyelonephritis? - correct answer
✔✔urinary obstruction and reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux).
What microorganisms are associated with acute pyelonephritis? - correct answer ✔✔e. coli,
proteus, or pseudomonas.
What do the microorganisms that cause pyelonephritis do to increase the risk of stone
formation? - correct answer ✔✔the microorganisms split urea into ammonia, making alkaline
urine that increases the risk.
Define painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis). - correct answer ✔✔it is a condition that
includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
, It is possible that noninfectious cystitis is caused by an autoimmune response. What happens
during an autoimmune reaction? - correct answer ✔✔it may be responsible for inflammatory
response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability,
neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve stimulation.
How is a diagnosis of IC differentiated from a diagnosis of pyelonephritis? - correct answer
✔✔urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical signs and symptoms. White blood cell casts indicate
pyelonephritis, but they are not always present in the urine.
What lab values point to a reduced GFR? - correct answer ✔✔elevated plasma urea, creatinine
concentration, or reduced renal creatinine clearance.
What is acute glomerulonephritis? - correct answer ✔✔it is a term that includes renal diseases
that cause glomerular inflammation through immune mechanisms.
What happens to the GFR during an inflammatory response? - correct answer ✔✔the
glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and
epithelium (podocytes) are damaged by inflammation causing immune mechanisms.
What are the classic symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis? - correct answer ✔✔sudden onset
of hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome),
and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and
impaired renal function.
What is nephrotic syndrome? - correct answer ✔✔It is the excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein
(massive proteinuria) in the urine per day, hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl), and peripheral
edema.
What is nephrotic syndrome characteristic of? - correct answer ✔✔glomerular injury.
QUESTIONS & VERIFIED CORRECT
ANSWERS
What are the clinical manifestations of a UTI in older adults? - correct answer ✔✔confusion and
poorly localized abdominal discomfort (symptoms are vague).
How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys require? - correct answer ✔✔20-25%
What causes the umbilical referred pain with kidney stones? - correct answer ✔✔sensory
innervation of the upper part of the ureter arising from the 10th thoracic nerve root.
What is pyelonephritis? - correct answer ✔✔it is an infection of one or both upper urinary
tracts(ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium).
What are the underlying risk factors for the development of pyelonephritis? - correct answer
✔✔urinary obstruction and reflux of urine from the bladder (vesicoureteral reflux).
What microorganisms are associated with acute pyelonephritis? - correct answer ✔✔e. coli,
proteus, or pseudomonas.
What do the microorganisms that cause pyelonephritis do to increase the risk of stone
formation? - correct answer ✔✔the microorganisms split urea into ammonia, making alkaline
urine that increases the risk.
Define painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis). - correct answer ✔✔it is a condition that
includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
, It is possible that noninfectious cystitis is caused by an autoimmune response. What happens
during an autoimmune reaction? - correct answer ✔✔it may be responsible for inflammatory
response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability,
neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve stimulation.
How is a diagnosis of IC differentiated from a diagnosis of pyelonephritis? - correct answer
✔✔urine culture, urinalysis, and clinical signs and symptoms. White blood cell casts indicate
pyelonephritis, but they are not always present in the urine.
What lab values point to a reduced GFR? - correct answer ✔✔elevated plasma urea, creatinine
concentration, or reduced renal creatinine clearance.
What is acute glomerulonephritis? - correct answer ✔✔it is a term that includes renal diseases
that cause glomerular inflammation through immune mechanisms.
What happens to the GFR during an inflammatory response? - correct answer ✔✔the
glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement membrane, and
epithelium (podocytes) are damaged by inflammation causing immune mechanisms.
What are the classic symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis? - correct answer ✔✔sudden onset
of hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome),
and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and
impaired renal function.
What is nephrotic syndrome? - correct answer ✔✔It is the excretion of 3.0 g or more of protein
(massive proteinuria) in the urine per day, hypoalbuminemia (less than 3.0 g/dl), and peripheral
edema.
What is nephrotic syndrome characteristic of? - correct answer ✔✔glomerular injury.
