(COMPLETE ANSWERS)
Semester 2 2025 - DUE 18
September 2025
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, 1) Mutually Contradictory Arguments Regarding Codes of Conduct
Clapper (2014) identifies two opposing views on the value of codes of conduct:
Argument 1: Codes are useless. This view argues that codes of conduct are superficial
documents that don't change behavior. They are often just an administrative exercise,
drafted without meaningful consultation, and employees don't take them seriously.
Adherents to this argument believe that ethics cannot be legislated or dictated.
Argument 2: Codes are essential. This view maintains that codes of conduct are crucial
instruments for setting clear expectations and promoting ethical behavior. They provide a
common reference point for what is considered right and wrong, guiding public servants
in their duties. They also provide a basis for holding officials accountable.
In the context of customs officers accepting bribes, these arguments play out as follows:
"Codes are useless" perspective: This view would suggest that the customs officers,
despite being aware of a code of conduct that likely prohibits bribery, chose to accept
bribes anyway. The code did not deter them because their personal motivations (e.g.,
greed, financial hardship) or a weak ethical culture outweighed the formal rules. In this
case, the code is just a piece of paper that failed to prevent corruption.
"Codes are essential" perspective: This view would argue that the code of conduct is
precisely the tool needed to address the problem. It clearly defines bribery as unethical
and illegal. The code provides a standard for a supervisor or a disciplinary committee to
hold the officer accountable. It also serves as a benchmark for training new officers and
creating a culture where such behavior is not tolerated.
2) Clapper's Evaluation of the Value of Codes of Conduct
Clapper views codes of conduct as valuable, but with limitations. He argues that they are a
necessary part of an ethical public service, as they set clear boundaries and standards. However,
he cautions that their true value lies not in their existence alone, but in their purpose and
implementation. Codes of conduct can promote professionalism by guiding officials in their
informed discretion, which is the ability to make a sound decision based on professional
knowledge, integrity, and ethical principles. He also highlights that codes help officials
understand their ethical duties beyond simply following the law, reinforcing the idea that
professionalism is a form of ethical behavior.
3) Robson's Evaluation of the Value of Codes of Conduct
Robson takes a more pragmatic, and arguably more skeptical, view of codes of conduct. He sees
them as a single component of a broader ethical framework. While he acknowledges they can