CriticalxcThinkingxc-xcanswer--thexcabilityxctoxcthinkxccarefullyxcaboutxcthinkingxcandxcreasoning—
toxccriticizexcyourxcownxcreasoning.
Propositionsxc-xcanswer--statementsxcthatxccanxcbexctruexcorxcfalse
SimplexcPropositionxc-xcanswer--
havexcnoxcinternalxclogicalxcstructure,xcmeaningxcwhetherxctheyxcarexctruexcorxcfalsexcdoesxcnotxcd
ependxconxcwhetherxcaxcpartxcofxcthemxcisxctruexcorxcfalsexcThexcskyxcisxcblue.
ComplexxcPropositionxc-xcanswer--
havexcinternalxclogicalxcstructure,xcmeaningxctheyxcarexccomposedxcofxcsimplexcpropositions.xcTh
excskyxcisxcblue,xcbutxcitxcdoesxcnotxclookxcbluexctoxcmexcrightxcnow.
BadxcInferentialxcStructurexc-xcanswer--
premisesxcdoxcnotxcdemonstratexcorxcsupportxcconclusions,xcpremisesxcarexctruexcwithoutxcbeingx
ccompelledxctoxcacceptxcthexcconclusion
FalsexcPremisexc-xcanswer--premisexcisxcfalse
ConclusionxcIndicatorsxc-xcanswer--
Havexcthexcgeneralxcsensexcofxc"Ixchavexctoldxcyouxcsomexcthings,xcnowxcherexcisxcwhatxcIxcwantxcy
ouxctoxcbelieve".xcTherefore,xcso,xcitxcfollowsxcthat,xchence,xcthus,xcentailsxcthat,xcwexcmayxcconclu
dexcthat,xcimpliesxcthat,xcwherefore,xcasxcaxcresult
PremisexcIndicatorsxc-
xcanswer--"fromxcthisxcfactxcIxcamxcgoingxctoxcinferxcsomethingxcelsexcBecause,xcfor,xcgivenxcthat,xci
nxcthat,xcas,xcsince,xcasxcindicatedxcby
Argumentxc-xcanswer--
anyxcpurportedlyxcrationalxcmovementxcfromxcevidencexcorxcpremisesxctoxcaxcconclusion.xcIxcbelie
vexcxxcbecausexcofxcy,xcz,xcandxcw.
Deductivexc-xcanswer--thexcpremisesxcprovidexcconclusivexcsupportxcforxcthexcconclusionxc-
xcifxctheyxcguaranteexcthexcconclusionxcorxcmakexcthexcconclusionxccertain.
Inductionxc-xcanswer--argumentsxcwherexcthexcpremisesxcmakexcthexcconclusionxcprobable
Abductionxc-xcanswer--
argumentsxcwherexcthexcbestxcavailablexcexplanationxcisxcchosenxcasxcthexccorrectxcexplanation
Soundnessxc-xcanswer--
bothxcaboutxcstructurexcandxctruth.xcMustxchavexcgoodxcstructurexcandxctruexcpremises.