,CHAPTER 1: Evolution of Nursing Thought &
Action
Key Concept: Clinical reasoning model (Full-spectrum nursing)
Question Stem: A nurse uses a full-spectrum nursing model to
combine assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. Which action
best demonstrates application of the model? (≤65 words)
A. Following a hospital task list without synthesizing assessment
data.
B. Using assessment findings to form hypotheses, then planning
and evaluating interventions.
C. Delegating all assessment tasks to assistive personnel and
documenting only interventions.
D. Relying solely on standardized care pathways without
individualizing to the patient.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale (correct): Choosing B shows clinical reasoning that links
assessment to hypothesis generation, intervention planning, and
evaluation — core elements of the full-spectrum model used to
integrate pathophysiology with nursing actions (Capriotti, Davis
Advantage for Pathophysiology — introductory clinical
perspectives). VitalSource
Rationale (A): A is task-oriented, not integrative clinical reasoning.
Rationale (C): C omits the nurse’s analytic role; delegation alone
doesn’t demonstrate full-spectrum thinking.
Rationale (D): D ignores individualization required by clinical
judgment.
Teaching Point: Full-spectrum nursing links assessment →
hypothesis → interventions → evaluation.
, 2.
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — Historical Leaders Who
Advanced Nursing — Professional advocacy & standard setting
Key Concept: Role of historical leaders in establishing nursing
standards
Question Stem: Which historical development most directly
improved nursing regulation and public trust?
A. Emergence of hospital volunteer groups.
B. Establishment of nursing licensure and formal regulation
boards.
C. Creation of informal apprenticeship learning models.
D. Increased use of unregulated nursing aides for cost savings.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale (correct): Licensure and regulatory boards
professionalized nursing, set competency standards, and
increased public accountability — a direct foundation for modern
regulation and practice. Capriotti discusses how professional
structures and regulation shape practice. VitalSource
Rationale (A): Volunteer groups helped services but didn’t
standardize professional competence.
Rationale (C): Apprenticeship lacks formal regulatory oversight
and uniform standards.
Rationale (D): Unregulated aides may reduce costs but do not
increase professional regulation or trust.
Teaching Point: Licensure and regulation are central to nursing
professionalism.
3.
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — Nursing Today: Full-Spectrum
Nursing — Clinical reasoning continuum
Key Concept: Differentiating novice vs. expert reasoning
, Question Stem: A new graduate nurse relies on rules and
protocols while an experienced nurse recognizes patterns. This
difference primarily reflects which concept?
A. Task allocation.
B. Benner’s novice-to-expert continuum (pattern recognition vs.
rules).
C. Staffing shortages.
D. Financial incentives.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale (correct): Benner’s framework explains how practice
moves from rule-based actions to pattern recognition with
experience — a key element in clinical reasoning and is consistent
with full-spectrum thinking described in clinical education
literature and Capriotti’s clinical perspectives. VitalSource
Rationale (A): Task allocation is unrelated to cognitive
development.
Rationale (C): Staffing may affect practice but not the cognitive
progression described.
Rationale (D): Financial incentives do not explain novice-expert
cognitive differences.
Teaching Point: Experience shifts nurses from rule-based to
pattern-based clinical reasoning.
4.
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — Contemporary Nursing:
Education, Regulation, and Practice — Educational pathways
Key Concept: Difference between ADN, BSN, and graduate
preparation
Question Stem: Which educational pathway typically prepares
nurses to lead quality improvement projects and contribute to
system-level change?
Action
Key Concept: Clinical reasoning model (Full-spectrum nursing)
Question Stem: A nurse uses a full-spectrum nursing model to
combine assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. Which action
best demonstrates application of the model? (≤65 words)
A. Following a hospital task list without synthesizing assessment
data.
B. Using assessment findings to form hypotheses, then planning
and evaluating interventions.
C. Delegating all assessment tasks to assistive personnel and
documenting only interventions.
D. Relying solely on standardized care pathways without
individualizing to the patient.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale (correct): Choosing B shows clinical reasoning that links
assessment to hypothesis generation, intervention planning, and
evaluation — core elements of the full-spectrum model used to
integrate pathophysiology with nursing actions (Capriotti, Davis
Advantage for Pathophysiology — introductory clinical
perspectives). VitalSource
Rationale (A): A is task-oriented, not integrative clinical reasoning.
Rationale (C): C omits the nurse’s analytic role; delegation alone
doesn’t demonstrate full-spectrum thinking.
Rationale (D): D ignores individualization required by clinical
judgment.
Teaching Point: Full-spectrum nursing links assessment →
hypothesis → interventions → evaluation.
, 2.
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — Historical Leaders Who
Advanced Nursing — Professional advocacy & standard setting
Key Concept: Role of historical leaders in establishing nursing
standards
Question Stem: Which historical development most directly
improved nursing regulation and public trust?
A. Emergence of hospital volunteer groups.
B. Establishment of nursing licensure and formal regulation
boards.
C. Creation of informal apprenticeship learning models.
D. Increased use of unregulated nursing aides for cost savings.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale (correct): Licensure and regulatory boards
professionalized nursing, set competency standards, and
increased public accountability — a direct foundation for modern
regulation and practice. Capriotti discusses how professional
structures and regulation shape practice. VitalSource
Rationale (A): Volunteer groups helped services but didn’t
standardize professional competence.
Rationale (C): Apprenticeship lacks formal regulatory oversight
and uniform standards.
Rationale (D): Unregulated aides may reduce costs but do not
increase professional regulation or trust.
Teaching Point: Licensure and regulation are central to nursing
professionalism.
3.
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — Nursing Today: Full-Spectrum
Nursing — Clinical reasoning continuum
Key Concept: Differentiating novice vs. expert reasoning
, Question Stem: A new graduate nurse relies on rules and
protocols while an experienced nurse recognizes patterns. This
difference primarily reflects which concept?
A. Task allocation.
B. Benner’s novice-to-expert continuum (pattern recognition vs.
rules).
C. Staffing shortages.
D. Financial incentives.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale (correct): Benner’s framework explains how practice
moves from rule-based actions to pattern recognition with
experience — a key element in clinical reasoning and is consistent
with full-spectrum thinking described in clinical education
literature and Capriotti’s clinical perspectives. VitalSource
Rationale (A): Task allocation is unrelated to cognitive
development.
Rationale (C): Staffing may affect practice but not the cognitive
progression described.
Rationale (D): Financial incentives do not explain novice-expert
cognitive differences.
Teaching Point: Experience shifts nurses from rule-based to
pattern-based clinical reasoning.
4.
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — Contemporary Nursing:
Education, Regulation, and Practice — Educational pathways
Key Concept: Difference between ADN, BSN, and graduate
preparation
Question Stem: Which educational pathway typically prepares
nurses to lead quality improvement projects and contribute to
system-level change?
