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MODULE 3 EXAM
Genitourinary Diseases & Disorders:
Functions of Urinary System:
● Acid-base balance
● Converts vitamin D to an active form
● Produces erythropoietin
● Controls blood pressure
● Regulates volume and composition of ECF
● Excretes waste products from the body
Parenchyma: Actual tissue of the kidney
Glomerulus: Collection of up to 50 capillaries (capillary network), allows filtration of blood
Normal GFR = 125 mL/min
Urine formation:
● 1. Glomerular filtration
● 2. Reabsorption
● 3. Tubular secretion
Trigone: Triangular area formed by the 2 ureteral openings and bladder neck at the base of
the bladder.
● Attached to the pelvis by many ligaments and does not change shape during bladder
filling or emptying.
● Valve prevents urine from going back up
Detrusor Muscle: Bladder muscle composed of layers of intertwined smooth muscle fibers
capable of considerable distention during bladder filling and contraction during emptying.
● Attached to the abdominal wall by an umbilical ligament (urachus)
● Atonic Bladder: taking toneness out of the bladder
○ Doesn’t empty, only does a little at a time
○ Tonicity will come back once bladder is empty (usually)
Rhabdosphincter: has to be kept perfectly straight
Ureteropelvic Junction: Neck of the ureter where the ureter joins the kidney pelvis,
frequently the site of damage or reconstruction.
Ureterovesicular Junction: Where the ureters enter either side of the bladder base, split
valve.
Ureters: Propel urine with peristaltic waves to move it down the ureter
Kidneys:
● Bean shaped highly vascular organ
● Filters out proteins, nitrogen, and ions
● Blood filtration
● Maintains F&E and acid-base balance
● Maintains bicarb and excretes H+
, 2
● Regulates phosphate excretion
● Regulates calcium and phosphorus balance
Kidney stones form in the calyx, tries to go down ureter, could lead to obstruction which
causes intense pain, no outflow of urine.
Infants urine specific gravity is dilute because the kidneys are not absorbing due to
immaturity.
GFR:
● Kidneys hold 25% of body’s blood volume
● 125 mL/min
○ Elderly: 60-75 mL/min
● Decreased for newborns
● Same as adult by age 2
● 1 mL per min is excreted
ADH: regulates levels of urinary output, causes kidneys to retain water
Aldosterone: Regulates sodium retention & potassium excretion
Common lab tests:
● Urinalysis/UA - nonsterile.
○ color: yellow, amber, straw, or clear
○ pH: 4.5-8.0
○ Protein in urine: kidney disease, diabetes, pregnancy
● Urine culture: Clean catch
○ First morning sample preferred, sent to lab within 1 hour
○ Pee a little first, then urinate into sterile container
● BUN
● Creatinine
● GFR: Indicates glomerular function & creatinine clearance
● Creatinine clearance: Most precise 75-120
● Urine Osmolality/specific gravity: 1.010-1.020
↑ BUN = ↑ hepatic/renal disease, infection, stress, GI bleeding
Diagnostic Tests:
● KUB: kidneys, ureters, bladder x-ray no contrast.
○ Tells size, shape, and position of KUB
● Renal Biopsy: Determines type & progress of kidney disease.
○ Need PT time, give IV fluids, position with pillow under abdomen &
shoulders, frequent VS, pressure on puncture site, bed rest 24 hours, light
activity 2-3 weeks.
MODULE 3 EXAM
Genitourinary Diseases & Disorders:
Functions of Urinary System:
● Acid-base balance
● Converts vitamin D to an active form
● Produces erythropoietin
● Controls blood pressure
● Regulates volume and composition of ECF
● Excretes waste products from the body
Parenchyma: Actual tissue of the kidney
Glomerulus: Collection of up to 50 capillaries (capillary network), allows filtration of blood
Normal GFR = 125 mL/min
Urine formation:
● 1. Glomerular filtration
● 2. Reabsorption
● 3. Tubular secretion
Trigone: Triangular area formed by the 2 ureteral openings and bladder neck at the base of
the bladder.
● Attached to the pelvis by many ligaments and does not change shape during bladder
filling or emptying.
● Valve prevents urine from going back up
Detrusor Muscle: Bladder muscle composed of layers of intertwined smooth muscle fibers
capable of considerable distention during bladder filling and contraction during emptying.
● Attached to the abdominal wall by an umbilical ligament (urachus)
● Atonic Bladder: taking toneness out of the bladder
○ Doesn’t empty, only does a little at a time
○ Tonicity will come back once bladder is empty (usually)
Rhabdosphincter: has to be kept perfectly straight
Ureteropelvic Junction: Neck of the ureter where the ureter joins the kidney pelvis,
frequently the site of damage or reconstruction.
Ureterovesicular Junction: Where the ureters enter either side of the bladder base, split
valve.
Ureters: Propel urine with peristaltic waves to move it down the ureter
Kidneys:
● Bean shaped highly vascular organ
● Filters out proteins, nitrogen, and ions
● Blood filtration
● Maintains F&E and acid-base balance
● Maintains bicarb and excretes H+
, 2
● Regulates phosphate excretion
● Regulates calcium and phosphorus balance
Kidney stones form in the calyx, tries to go down ureter, could lead to obstruction which
causes intense pain, no outflow of urine.
Infants urine specific gravity is dilute because the kidneys are not absorbing due to
immaturity.
GFR:
● Kidneys hold 25% of body’s blood volume
● 125 mL/min
○ Elderly: 60-75 mL/min
● Decreased for newborns
● Same as adult by age 2
● 1 mL per min is excreted
ADH: regulates levels of urinary output, causes kidneys to retain water
Aldosterone: Regulates sodium retention & potassium excretion
Common lab tests:
● Urinalysis/UA - nonsterile.
○ color: yellow, amber, straw, or clear
○ pH: 4.5-8.0
○ Protein in urine: kidney disease, diabetes, pregnancy
● Urine culture: Clean catch
○ First morning sample preferred, sent to lab within 1 hour
○ Pee a little first, then urinate into sterile container
● BUN
● Creatinine
● GFR: Indicates glomerular function & creatinine clearance
● Creatinine clearance: Most precise 75-120
● Urine Osmolality/specific gravity: 1.010-1.020
↑ BUN = ↑ hepatic/renal disease, infection, stress, GI bleeding
Diagnostic Tests:
● KUB: kidneys, ureters, bladder x-ray no contrast.
○ Tells size, shape, and position of KUB
● Renal Biopsy: Determines type & progress of kidney disease.
○ Need PT time, give IV fluids, position with pillow under abdomen &
shoulders, frequent VS, pressure on puncture site, bed rest 24 hours, light
activity 2-3 weeks.
