NUR 2063 | FULLY ANNOTATED BEST NURSING AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
1. What is the function of the mitochondria? - Answer Produces ATP, the cell's
energy source.
2. What do lysosomes do? - Answer Digest cellular debris and metabolize
substances.
3. Role of the Golgi apparatus? - Answer Prepares substances for secretion.
4. What does the endoplasmic reticulum do? - Answer Produces proteins/fats
and regulates ions in the cell.
5. What's the job of peroxisomes? - Answer Neutralize free radicals and toxic
substances.
6. What is phagocytosis? - Answer Ingestion of large particles like bacteria.
7. What is exocytosis? - Answer Expelling waste and debris from the cell.
8. What is cell respiration? - Answer Converts fuel into ATP and waste —
essential for cell survival.
9. What is differentiation? - Answer When cells develop specific
structures/functions.
,10.What is atrophy? - Answer Decrease in cell size (e.g., due to disuse or
ischemia).
11.What is hypertrophy? - Answer Increase in cell size (e.g., heart muscle from
hypertension).
12.What is hyperplasia? - Answer Increase in the number of cells (e.g.,
endometrial thickening).
13.What is metaplasia? - Answer Change of one cell type into another (e.g., in
GERD).
14.What is dysplasia? - Answer Abnormal size/shape/organization of cells; may
lead to cancer.
15.What is apoptosis? - Answer Programmed cell death (clean and orderly).
16.What is necrosis? - Answer Disorderly cell death with inflammation (injury-
related).
17.What are the causes of cell injury (TIPS)? - Answer Toxins
18.Infections
19.Physical injury
20.Serum deficit (nutrition, oxygen)
21.What causes acute sinusitis? - Answer Viral infection with mucus blockage.
,22.Key signs of sinusitis? - Answer Facial pain, congestion, fever, postnasal
drip.
23.What bacteria causes chronic gastritis? - Answer H. pylori — can lead to
ulcers and gastric cancer.
24.What is steatorrhea and what condition is it linked to? - Answer Fatty stools;
linked to chronic pancreatitis or Crohn's.
25.What parts of the GI tract does Crohn's disease affect? - Answer Mostly
small intestine and ascending colon (patchy).
26.What are skip lesions? - Answer Patchy areas of inflammation with healthy
tissue in between.
27.What's a major complication of Crohn's? - Answer Fistulas, bowel
obstruction, malabsorption.
28.Where does ulcerative colitis occur? - Answer Only in the large
intestine/colon (continuous inflammation).
29.Key sign of UC? - Answer Bloody diarrhea, fatigue, and rectal pain.
30.What are T lymphocytes responsible for? - Answer Cell-mediated immunity
(cytotoxic, helper, suppressor).
, 31.What do B lymphocytes produce? - Answer Antibodies (immunoglobulins
like IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE).
32.What are natural killer (NK) cells? - Answer Immune cells that destroy
virally infected or tumor cells.
33.What is the difference between active and passive immunity? - Answer
Active: Antibodies made by the body (infection or vaccine)
34.Passive: Antibodies given (placenta, breast milk, injections)
35.What is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction? - Answer IgE-mediated (e.g.,
allergies, asthma, anaphylaxis)
36.What is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction? - Answer Antibody-mediated
cell destruction (e.g., Rh isoimmunization, blood transfusion reactions)
37.What is Type III hypersensitivity? - Answer Immune complex disorder (e.g.,
lupus, RA)
38.What is a Type IV hypersensitivity? - Answer Delayed T-cell-mediated (e.g.,
poison ivy, TB test, transplant rejection)
39.What type of hypersensitivity is lupus (SLE)? - Answer Type III.
40.What are hallmark symptoms of SLE? - Answer Butterfly rash, arthritis,
glomerulonephritis, anemia, fatigue.
PHARMACOLOGICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
1. What is the function of the mitochondria? - Answer Produces ATP, the cell's
energy source.
2. What do lysosomes do? - Answer Digest cellular debris and metabolize
substances.
3. Role of the Golgi apparatus? - Answer Prepares substances for secretion.
4. What does the endoplasmic reticulum do? - Answer Produces proteins/fats
and regulates ions in the cell.
5. What's the job of peroxisomes? - Answer Neutralize free radicals and toxic
substances.
6. What is phagocytosis? - Answer Ingestion of large particles like bacteria.
7. What is exocytosis? - Answer Expelling waste and debris from the cell.
8. What is cell respiration? - Answer Converts fuel into ATP and waste —
essential for cell survival.
9. What is differentiation? - Answer When cells develop specific
structures/functions.
,10.What is atrophy? - Answer Decrease in cell size (e.g., due to disuse or
ischemia).
11.What is hypertrophy? - Answer Increase in cell size (e.g., heart muscle from
hypertension).
12.What is hyperplasia? - Answer Increase in the number of cells (e.g.,
endometrial thickening).
13.What is metaplasia? - Answer Change of one cell type into another (e.g., in
GERD).
14.What is dysplasia? - Answer Abnormal size/shape/organization of cells; may
lead to cancer.
15.What is apoptosis? - Answer Programmed cell death (clean and orderly).
16.What is necrosis? - Answer Disorderly cell death with inflammation (injury-
related).
17.What are the causes of cell injury (TIPS)? - Answer Toxins
18.Infections
19.Physical injury
20.Serum deficit (nutrition, oxygen)
21.What causes acute sinusitis? - Answer Viral infection with mucus blockage.
,22.Key signs of sinusitis? - Answer Facial pain, congestion, fever, postnasal
drip.
23.What bacteria causes chronic gastritis? - Answer H. pylori — can lead to
ulcers and gastric cancer.
24.What is steatorrhea and what condition is it linked to? - Answer Fatty stools;
linked to chronic pancreatitis or Crohn's.
25.What parts of the GI tract does Crohn's disease affect? - Answer Mostly
small intestine and ascending colon (patchy).
26.What are skip lesions? - Answer Patchy areas of inflammation with healthy
tissue in between.
27.What's a major complication of Crohn's? - Answer Fistulas, bowel
obstruction, malabsorption.
28.Where does ulcerative colitis occur? - Answer Only in the large
intestine/colon (continuous inflammation).
29.Key sign of UC? - Answer Bloody diarrhea, fatigue, and rectal pain.
30.What are T lymphocytes responsible for? - Answer Cell-mediated immunity
(cytotoxic, helper, suppressor).
, 31.What do B lymphocytes produce? - Answer Antibodies (immunoglobulins
like IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE).
32.What are natural killer (NK) cells? - Answer Immune cells that destroy
virally infected or tumor cells.
33.What is the difference between active and passive immunity? - Answer
Active: Antibodies made by the body (infection or vaccine)
34.Passive: Antibodies given (placenta, breast milk, injections)
35.What is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction? - Answer IgE-mediated (e.g.,
allergies, asthma, anaphylaxis)
36.What is a Type II hypersensitivity reaction? - Answer Antibody-mediated
cell destruction (e.g., Rh isoimmunization, blood transfusion reactions)
37.What is Type III hypersensitivity? - Answer Immune complex disorder (e.g.,
lupus, RA)
38.What is a Type IV hypersensitivity? - Answer Delayed T-cell-mediated (e.g.,
poison ivy, TB test, transplant rejection)
39.What type of hypersensitivity is lupus (SLE)? - Answer Type III.
40.What are hallmark symptoms of SLE? - Answer Butterfly rash, arthritis,
glomerulonephritis, anemia, fatigue.
