AC1.1 Analyse different types of crime
Hate crime
Hate crimes are where the perpetrator is perceived to be motivated by hatred of the
victim and targets them because of a characteristic that makes them different. This
can include anyone that is part of the LGBTQ community, people with disabilities or
someone of a different race or religion to the offender. These are all protected
characteristics under the equality act (2010). Such offences can include abusive and
threatening language, intimidation, harassment, bullying, assault and damage to
property. If an assault is believed to have been religiously aggravated the maximum
sentences increases from six months to two years. Offenders of hate crimes are
often people with prejudiced views and attitudes such as homophobia, islamophobia,
transphobia and racism, about the group the victim is part of. In the year ending
March 2022, there were 155,841 hate crimes recorded by police in England and
Wales. This was a 26% increase from the previous year. Majority of these, over
100,000 were racially aggravated against those from minority ethnic groups. Over
the past few years there has been a greater public awareness surrounding hate
crimes due to the higher media focus around reporting, investigating and prosecuting
offenders. In 2017 the CPS tightened guidelines on charging for offenders that had
used social media to commit hate crimes. This has helped to increase the
awareness surrounding hate crimes, specifically those committed using social
media. Hate crimes are obviously against criminal law, however they can also be
regarded as deviant because it’s against social norms to victimise a person because
of their race, religion, sexual orientation, disability or gender identity.
Piers portman, was convicted of hate crime, following an incident of racial abuse at
Westminster magistrates court on the 14th June 2018. He had originally attended the
court in support of Alison Chabloz, who was being sentenced for posting antisemitic
songs about the holocaust on YouTube. The victim refused to shake his hand and
piers then began aggressively verbally abusing him. Portman was convicted of one
count of racially aggravated intentional harassment, alarm or distress and was
sentenced to 4 months imprisonment and ordered to pay £20,000.
Domestic abuse
Domestic abuse is any incident of violence, abuse or threatening behaviour towards
a partner, ex-partner or family member that is over the age of 16. There is a wide
array of domestic abuse behaviours. This can include monitoring the victims
whereabouts and text messages, stalking, physical and sexual abuse, harassment,
coercive and controlling behaviour, financial abuse where the offender will take the
victims wages or put them into debt by opening a credit card in the victim’s name.
Most reported domestic abuse victims are women and are more likely to be
susceptible to suffer severe violence or control. Some women that are more at risk of
experiencing domestic violence include those aged 16-24, separated or divorced
women, those with a disability and women with a lower income. However, men can
also be victims but are much less likely to report abuse to the police due to shame or
,not wanting to feel unmasculine. Family members can also be victims, single parents
or those with disabilities are often more vulnerable. Most offenders are usually
partners or ex-partners although family members can also be a perpetrator. In 2022
police in England and Wales recorded 1.5 million domestic abuse related incidents
with 1 in 4 being women and 1 in 6-7 being men. Although awareness of domestic
abuse has been growing in recent years, particularly throughout covid lockdowns, its
still estimated that only 24% of domestic abuse is reported to the police. Many
victims of domestic violence can be scared to report it and often fear the
repercussions of what could happen if they report it and sometimes victims will not
have trust in the police and the system. Hence why only a small minority of domestic
related crimes are reported to the police - with only 1 in 12 resulting in successful
prosecution. Awareness of domestic violence often still overlooks male victims, and
certain offences such as sexual assault and finance abuse. Domestic abuse is a
clear crime although it is commonly viewed as deviant, and it was found that a small
number of men and women thought it was acceptable to hit their partner in certain
situations.
Clare wood was 36 years old when she was murdered by her ex-boyfriend, in
February 2009. She had made numerous disclosures and calls to the police in the
months prior to her death regarding her ex-boyfriend, George Appleton, who had a
record for violence against women. Clare’s father Michael brown worked to create
Clare’s law, as he believed she wouldn’t have lost her life had she been aware of
Appletons violent history.
Moral Crimes
Moral crimes are any act that goes against societies norms or moral codes and its
accepted rules or behaviours. These crimes often involve an individual supplying a
service or goods to another. Therefore, such examples of these offences include
prostitution, the sale or possession of illegal drugs, begging, vagrancy, underage
drinking and smoking, and illegal gambling. Moral crimes are often regarded as
victimless, as there is often no specific victim due to the way these crimes generally
involve two consenting adults. However, this isn’t always the case. When it comes to
offences such as underage drinking or smoking, the law is there to protect young
people as this offence does not involve consenting adults and can put them at risk of
serious harm. It can be argued in cases where adults are involved that they can also
be a victim, such as women who become prostitutes to fund an addiction, could be
being exploited and controlled by a pimp. In certain cases, for example vagrancy,
illegal drug use and illegal gambling, the victim and the offender can be the same
person. Some offenders see these crimes as a form of income or just a simple part
of everyday life and are sometimes forced into it due to personal circumstances, like
begging and vagrancy. According to the crime survey for England and Wales,
approximately 1 in 11 adults aged between 16-59 reported drug use and 2.7% of
adults in this age group reported using Class A drugs in the year ending June 2022.
In the year 2022/23, there were 301 offences of soliciting for prostitution recorded in
England and Wales, a significant decrease from 20 years ago. Although these acts
, break criminal law, they are commonly regarded as deviant by most. Society
disagrees with these acts, but view them as the offenders own personal matter, for
example illegal drug use and underage drinking. With moral crimes, the public
awareness is low as there is very little media interest in these types of crime. Often
the victims and offenders will have a shared interest in concealing the crime as is the
case with the sale and use of drugs and some prostitution offences. Sometimes the
public will have little interest in reporting the offence as it doesn’t affect them, and
they may be more likely to show sympathy towards the individual. In the case of
begging or vagrancy the public are more likely to give them money than report it.
In January 2022, Metropolitan police officer, Tristan Downing age 38, was arrested
by his colleagues following an operation in Edmonton targeting men that were
exploiting sex workers. He resigned during the investigation, and following his
conviction a misconduct hearing was held and he was subsequently dismissed from
the force. He plead guilty to soliciting a prostitute and was ordered to pay a £450
fine, £85 in court cost and £45 witness tax.
White Collar Crime
White collar crimes are generally non-violent crimes committed for financial gain, this
can include aiming to benefit a business or for an individual’s own financial gain.
Such offences could include, bribery, fraud, money laundering, not complying with
health and safety laws or paperwork, tax evasion and professional misconduct.
There are three different types of white collar crime, professional, corporate and
organised. Organised crime contradicts the definition of a typical white collar crime;
they are usually violent offences that have been planned and carried out by those of
a powerful status and tend to involve gangs and weapons. A wide array of people
can be victims of such crimes, despite it sometimes being labelled as ‘victimless’.
Victims can include those that are in a more vulnerable position e.g., students or
patients, investors, consumers exposed to false advertising, taxpayers, employees
subjected to bullying or sexual harassment, and the general public in cases where
companies pollute the environment by illegally dumping waste. Offenders tend to be
those of a highly respectable status, those that work in commercial employment,
hence the reference to ‘white collar’ shirts or individuals in a position of trust such as
teachers and doctors. In England, almost 20% of waste, equating to approximately
34million tonnes, is illegally managed every year. £2.46billion was lost by businesses
and individuals through fraud in the 2021/22 financial year and 3.7million incidents of
fraud were reported in the year ending December 2022. Despite this it is still
estimated that around 86% of fraud crimes go unreported each year. There is a clear
lack of public awareness surrounding white collar crimes, due to limited media
coverage and how complex these offences can be. Offenders are often of a higher
status meaning they may have the wealth and power to avoid prosecution. In some
cases regarding professional crimes, vulnerable victims may not realise they are
being targeted, meaning reporting is limited. These offences clearly break criminal
law but are also commonly regarded as deviant due to them sometimes being
Hate crime
Hate crimes are where the perpetrator is perceived to be motivated by hatred of the
victim and targets them because of a characteristic that makes them different. This
can include anyone that is part of the LGBTQ community, people with disabilities or
someone of a different race or religion to the offender. These are all protected
characteristics under the equality act (2010). Such offences can include abusive and
threatening language, intimidation, harassment, bullying, assault and damage to
property. If an assault is believed to have been religiously aggravated the maximum
sentences increases from six months to two years. Offenders of hate crimes are
often people with prejudiced views and attitudes such as homophobia, islamophobia,
transphobia and racism, about the group the victim is part of. In the year ending
March 2022, there were 155,841 hate crimes recorded by police in England and
Wales. This was a 26% increase from the previous year. Majority of these, over
100,000 were racially aggravated against those from minority ethnic groups. Over
the past few years there has been a greater public awareness surrounding hate
crimes due to the higher media focus around reporting, investigating and prosecuting
offenders. In 2017 the CPS tightened guidelines on charging for offenders that had
used social media to commit hate crimes. This has helped to increase the
awareness surrounding hate crimes, specifically those committed using social
media. Hate crimes are obviously against criminal law, however they can also be
regarded as deviant because it’s against social norms to victimise a person because
of their race, religion, sexual orientation, disability or gender identity.
Piers portman, was convicted of hate crime, following an incident of racial abuse at
Westminster magistrates court on the 14th June 2018. He had originally attended the
court in support of Alison Chabloz, who was being sentenced for posting antisemitic
songs about the holocaust on YouTube. The victim refused to shake his hand and
piers then began aggressively verbally abusing him. Portman was convicted of one
count of racially aggravated intentional harassment, alarm or distress and was
sentenced to 4 months imprisonment and ordered to pay £20,000.
Domestic abuse
Domestic abuse is any incident of violence, abuse or threatening behaviour towards
a partner, ex-partner or family member that is over the age of 16. There is a wide
array of domestic abuse behaviours. This can include monitoring the victims
whereabouts and text messages, stalking, physical and sexual abuse, harassment,
coercive and controlling behaviour, financial abuse where the offender will take the
victims wages or put them into debt by opening a credit card in the victim’s name.
Most reported domestic abuse victims are women and are more likely to be
susceptible to suffer severe violence or control. Some women that are more at risk of
experiencing domestic violence include those aged 16-24, separated or divorced
women, those with a disability and women with a lower income. However, men can
also be victims but are much less likely to report abuse to the police due to shame or
,not wanting to feel unmasculine. Family members can also be victims, single parents
or those with disabilities are often more vulnerable. Most offenders are usually
partners or ex-partners although family members can also be a perpetrator. In 2022
police in England and Wales recorded 1.5 million domestic abuse related incidents
with 1 in 4 being women and 1 in 6-7 being men. Although awareness of domestic
abuse has been growing in recent years, particularly throughout covid lockdowns, its
still estimated that only 24% of domestic abuse is reported to the police. Many
victims of domestic violence can be scared to report it and often fear the
repercussions of what could happen if they report it and sometimes victims will not
have trust in the police and the system. Hence why only a small minority of domestic
related crimes are reported to the police - with only 1 in 12 resulting in successful
prosecution. Awareness of domestic violence often still overlooks male victims, and
certain offences such as sexual assault and finance abuse. Domestic abuse is a
clear crime although it is commonly viewed as deviant, and it was found that a small
number of men and women thought it was acceptable to hit their partner in certain
situations.
Clare wood was 36 years old when she was murdered by her ex-boyfriend, in
February 2009. She had made numerous disclosures and calls to the police in the
months prior to her death regarding her ex-boyfriend, George Appleton, who had a
record for violence against women. Clare’s father Michael brown worked to create
Clare’s law, as he believed she wouldn’t have lost her life had she been aware of
Appletons violent history.
Moral Crimes
Moral crimes are any act that goes against societies norms or moral codes and its
accepted rules or behaviours. These crimes often involve an individual supplying a
service or goods to another. Therefore, such examples of these offences include
prostitution, the sale or possession of illegal drugs, begging, vagrancy, underage
drinking and smoking, and illegal gambling. Moral crimes are often regarded as
victimless, as there is often no specific victim due to the way these crimes generally
involve two consenting adults. However, this isn’t always the case. When it comes to
offences such as underage drinking or smoking, the law is there to protect young
people as this offence does not involve consenting adults and can put them at risk of
serious harm. It can be argued in cases where adults are involved that they can also
be a victim, such as women who become prostitutes to fund an addiction, could be
being exploited and controlled by a pimp. In certain cases, for example vagrancy,
illegal drug use and illegal gambling, the victim and the offender can be the same
person. Some offenders see these crimes as a form of income or just a simple part
of everyday life and are sometimes forced into it due to personal circumstances, like
begging and vagrancy. According to the crime survey for England and Wales,
approximately 1 in 11 adults aged between 16-59 reported drug use and 2.7% of
adults in this age group reported using Class A drugs in the year ending June 2022.
In the year 2022/23, there were 301 offences of soliciting for prostitution recorded in
England and Wales, a significant decrease from 20 years ago. Although these acts
, break criminal law, they are commonly regarded as deviant by most. Society
disagrees with these acts, but view them as the offenders own personal matter, for
example illegal drug use and underage drinking. With moral crimes, the public
awareness is low as there is very little media interest in these types of crime. Often
the victims and offenders will have a shared interest in concealing the crime as is the
case with the sale and use of drugs and some prostitution offences. Sometimes the
public will have little interest in reporting the offence as it doesn’t affect them, and
they may be more likely to show sympathy towards the individual. In the case of
begging or vagrancy the public are more likely to give them money than report it.
In January 2022, Metropolitan police officer, Tristan Downing age 38, was arrested
by his colleagues following an operation in Edmonton targeting men that were
exploiting sex workers. He resigned during the investigation, and following his
conviction a misconduct hearing was held and he was subsequently dismissed from
the force. He plead guilty to soliciting a prostitute and was ordered to pay a £450
fine, £85 in court cost and £45 witness tax.
White Collar Crime
White collar crimes are generally non-violent crimes committed for financial gain, this
can include aiming to benefit a business or for an individual’s own financial gain.
Such offences could include, bribery, fraud, money laundering, not complying with
health and safety laws or paperwork, tax evasion and professional misconduct.
There are three different types of white collar crime, professional, corporate and
organised. Organised crime contradicts the definition of a typical white collar crime;
they are usually violent offences that have been planned and carried out by those of
a powerful status and tend to involve gangs and weapons. A wide array of people
can be victims of such crimes, despite it sometimes being labelled as ‘victimless’.
Victims can include those that are in a more vulnerable position e.g., students or
patients, investors, consumers exposed to false advertising, taxpayers, employees
subjected to bullying or sexual harassment, and the general public in cases where
companies pollute the environment by illegally dumping waste. Offenders tend to be
those of a highly respectable status, those that work in commercial employment,
hence the reference to ‘white collar’ shirts or individuals in a position of trust such as
teachers and doctors. In England, almost 20% of waste, equating to approximately
34million tonnes, is illegally managed every year. £2.46billion was lost by businesses
and individuals through fraud in the 2021/22 financial year and 3.7million incidents of
fraud were reported in the year ending December 2022. Despite this it is still
estimated that around 86% of fraud crimes go unreported each year. There is a clear
lack of public awareness surrounding white collar crimes, due to limited media
coverage and how complex these offences can be. Offenders are often of a higher
status meaning they may have the wealth and power to avoid prosecution. In some
cases regarding professional crimes, vulnerable victims may not realise they are
being targeted, meaning reporting is limited. These offences clearly break criminal
law but are also commonly regarded as deviant due to them sometimes being
