2025 - DUE 5 September 2025; 100% correct solutions
and explanations.
Question 1
1.1 Legislation and specific sections governing water quality in
South Africa
South Africa has a robust legal framework aimed at protecting water
resources, maintaining quality, and ensuring access to clean water:
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
(Section 24 & Section 27):
o Section 24: Provides every person with the right to an
environment that is not harmful to health or well-being
and compels the state to take measures to prevent
pollution.
o Section 27: Guarantees everyone the right to sufficient
water.
National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA):
o Section 19: Obliges landowners or users who cause
pollution to take reasonable measures to prevent and
remedy pollution.
o Section 20: Addresses control of emergency incidents
that may pollute water resources (e.g., spillages).
o Section 21: Lists water uses that require licensing,
including discharge of waste and disposal that may
impact water quality.
Water Services Act 108 of 1997:
o Section 9: Requires water services authorities to provide
safe, clean drinking water to consumers.