N5315 - Advanced Pathophysiology - Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Question and answer 2025/2026 Graded A+

N5315 - Advanced Pathophysiology - Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Question and answer 2025/2026 Graded A+ Tend to result from the neurohormonal responses to ischemic heart disease or hypertension - Ans ♣Cardiomyopathies tend to result from what? Infectious disease, toxins, systemic connective tissue disorders, nutritional deficiencies, and infiltrative disorders - Ans ♣What are other causes of cardiomyopathies? Affect the myocardium layer of the heart impairing contractility or restricting blood flow through the heart - Ans ♣What do the pathological consequences of cardiomyopathies affect? 3 - Ans ♣How many types of cardiomyopathies are there? Dilated (DCM); Hypertrophic (HCM); Restrictive - Ans ♣What are the 3 types of cardiomyopathies? Dilated (DCM) - Ans ♣Which cardiomyopathy is characterized by a dilated left ventricle? A worn out ballon; a balloon which has become over stretched and can no longer hold its normal shape - Ans ♣What can you compare Dilated (DCM) cardiomyopathy to? Unable to contract sufficiently - Ans ♣What is a dilated ventricle unable to do? Volume overload and pulmonary edema - Ans ♣What do people with DCM have difficulty with? Fatigue, dyspnea, S3 heart sound - Ans ♣What are the clinical manifestations of DCM? Ischemia secondary to MI - Ans ♣DCM is most often caused by what? Valvular heart disease, diabetes, renal failure, hyperthyroidism, alcohol use (thiamine deficiency which decreases ATP production), cocaine use, peripartum complications, genetic disorders, infection such as Coxsackle B virus, hemochromatosis, and doxorubicin toxicity - Ans ♣What are some other causes of DCM? Hypertrophic (HCM) cardiomyopathy - Ans ♣What is the most common cause of sudden death in young adults? A familial, autosomal dominant disorder; most commonly associated with gene defects on chromosome 11 - Ans ♣What is the most common HCM? Hypertrophy of the interventricular septum and to a lesser extent the left ventricular wall - Ans ♣What are the pathologic characteristics of HCM? May result in an obstruction of the outflow of blood from the left ventricle through the aortic valve; obstruction is not always present - Ans ♣Hypertrophy of the interventricular septum in HCM may result in what? The left ventricle is non-compliant and does not relax well; known as diastolic dysfunction; consequently the left ventricle does not fill well - Ans ♣What happens to the left ventricle in HCM? Syncope, angina, systolic ejection murmur and left-sided heart failure - Ans ♣What are the clinical manifestations of HCM? Infiltrative cardiomyopathy - Ans ♣What is restrictive cardiomyopathy also known as? Amyloidosis, myocardial fibrosis after open heart surgery, radiation, sarcoidosis, and systemic sclerosis - Ans ♣Restrictive cardiomyopathy is commonly caused by what? A diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle which ultimately leads to progressive left- and right-sided heart failure - Ans ♣What does the pathological damage of restrictive cardiomyopathy result in? A syndrome which results from myocardial injury - Ans ♣What is heart failure? Myocardial damage from ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathies, valvular heart disease, and myocarditis - Ans ♣Heart failure is the end result of what? Consistent with volume overload, poor perfusion secondary to pump failure - Ans ♣What are the clinical manifestations of heart failure? Age, ischemic heart disease, obesity, diabetes, HTN, excessive ETOH use, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, and renal failure - Ans ♣What are the risk factors for heart failure? By its location (right-sided versus left-sided) or the effect on contractility (systolic versus diastolic dysfunction) - Ans ♣How is heart failure classified? An old term which should not be used any longer - Ans ♣What is congestive heart failure? Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), HFrEF combined with HFpEF, left-sided heart failure, and right-sided heart failure - Ans ♣What are the types of heart failure? Systolic heart failure - Ans ♣What is heart failure with reduced ejection fraction also known as? Left side of the heart, but right ventricular systolic dysfunction can happen too - Ans ♣What does HFrEF most commonly refer to? An impairment in left ventricular contraction (systole) - Ans ♣What is HFrEF? Myocardial infarction - Ans ♣What is the most common cause of decreased systolic dysfunction? Myocarditis and cardiomyopathies - Ans ♣What are other causes of decreased systolic dysfunction? A decrease in contractility in the left ventricle will lead to a decrease in stroke volume, decrease in cardiac output, an increase in left ventricular end diastolic volume (preload) - Ans ♣What is the first step of ventricular remodeling? Causes a dilation of the ventricle and further compromises contraction and cardiac output - Ans ♣What happens as preload increases over time? Further pathological deterioration of the myocytes - Ans ♣What does ventricular remodeling lead to? Some pathologic insult to the myocardium which causes damage that leads to dysfunction - Ans ♣What is ventricular remodeling initially triggered by?