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COM3706 Assignment 1 (COMPLETE ANSWERS) Semester 2 2025 - DUE August 2025

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1.1 INTRODUCTION [6] Briefly explain to the reader the purpose of the study (or assignment) and what to expect in the following sections of the study (assignment). You are also expected to introduce the daily newspaper that you will be analysing in your study. Note: Mention the name of your selected daily newspaper in your topic, introduction, body and conclusion. Attach the screenshot of the cover page of your selected newspaper as an addendum. 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT/MAIN ISSUE [5] Formulate a research problem statement/main issue of the study. Read your prescribed book and study guide for guidelines on how to formulate a research problem statement. 1.3 SUBPROBLEMS [5] Identify three subproblems of the study. Ensure that your subproblems are researchable using the content analysis. Read the study guide and prescribed book to learn more about the subproblems in research. Also read the research scenario in more detail to identify the possible subproblems. 1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW [10] You need to read the suggested reading materials for literature review and identify what other studies reveal about how the media cover sports stories. Read your study guide and prescribed book to learn more about a literature review and its importance. Please note that no marks will be awarded if there are no cited sources in your literature review (at least three sources are required). You may consult academic sources other than the suggested readings. No marks will be allocated for copying and pasting from recommended readings, AI or any other sources. You need to paraphrase what the articles are saying to demonstrate your understanding. The same principle applies to the theoretical framework (next section). 1.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK [5] Present a theoretical framework of framing. Briefly narrate the history of framing theory; in other words, when was the theory conceived? Who are the key scholars of the theory? Provide a definition of the framing theory, key theoretical tenets (areas) of the theory, and the arguments of the theory under scrutiny. Note: The framing theory is featured extensively in other communication science modules such as COM3702 (Media Studies: Institutions, Theories and Issues) and COM2604 (Mass Communication and Media Theory). Those students who have done these modules can use the study guide or prescribed book to understand the concept of framing. If you have not done these modules, the suggested readings have used the framing theory. You may also find variety of readings dealing with framing theory online via Google Scholar or other tools. As indicated in the previous section, the practice of copying and pasting is not allowed. 1.6 RESEARCH DESIGN [20] Under the research method framework, you are expected to explain to your client, the Department of Sports, Arts and Culture how you will conduct the research; in other words, explain to the client, the type of research design, the population of the study, the sampling type and size, unit of analysis and data collection instruments. • Briefly describe the different characteristics of qualitative and quantitative research designs. • Explain why your research design is both qualitative and quantitative. • What is the data collection method in this study? Also explain the process of collecting data. Indicate which newspaper you will collect data from and justify your selection. You should attach the screenshot of the cover page of your selected newspaper as an addendum. • What is the target and accessible population of the study? • What is the sample size of your study? • What is the unit of analysis of the study? • What is the data analysis method used in this study? 1.7 CONCLUSION [5] You are expected to conclude your research proposal with a brief paragraph. In other words, briefly remind your readers of what has been discussed in the previous sections of the assignment.

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COM3706 Assignment 1
(COMPLETE ANSWERS)
Semester 2 2025 - DUE
August 2025

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, 1.1 INTRODUCTION
This research proposal outlines a study that aims to analyze the representation of sports in a
daily newspaper. The purpose of this study is to provide the Department of Sports, Arts and
Culture with a comprehensive understanding of how media outlets, specifically through their
news coverage, frame and present sports content. This analysis will focus on identifying
patterns, themes, and biases in the reporting of sports stories. In the subsequent sections, this
proposal will detail the research problem, subproblems, a review of existing literature, the
theoretical framework, and a detailed research design. The newspaper selected for analysis is
The Star, a daily newspaper published in Johannesburg, South Africa. The findings of this
study will offer valuable insights into the media's role in shaping public perceptions of sports
and a potential guide for the department's communication and public relations strategies.
1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT/MAIN ISSUE
The media's portrayal of sports is not merely a reflection of events but an active process of
constructing narratives that can influence public opinion, attention, and support for various
sporting codes. In the South African context, where sports hold significant cultural and social
importance, it is crucial to understand how media framing affects the visibility of different
sports, genders, and racial groups. Therefore, the main issue this study seeks to address is:
How does The Star newspaper frame sports news, and what patterns emerge in its
coverage of different sporting codes, genders, and racial groups?
1.3 SUBPROBLEMS
To systematically address the main research problem, the study is guided by the following
subproblems:
1. What is the distribution of sports coverage in The Star in terms of the number of
articles and page space allocated to different sporting codes (e.g., soccer, rugby,
cricket, netball, etc.) over a specific period?
2. How is gender represented in the sports coverage of The Star, and what is the
framing of male and female athletes in headlines, images, and the language used in
the articles?
3. What is the racial representation and framing of athletes from different racial groups
in the sports news of The Star, and does the newspaper's coverage reinforce or
challenge existing racial stereotypes in sports?
1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
Scholarly research on media and sports reveals a complex relationship where media outlets
do not simply report on sports but actively shape their meaning and significance for
audiences. A number of studies have highlighted the tendency of media to overemphasize
certain sports while marginalizing others. For example, some scholars argue that mainstream
media in many countries tend to dedicate disproportionate coverage to traditionally dominant
sports, such as football, while smaller or niche sports receive minimal attention (refer to
studies by Mendes, 2015 or Billings & Angelini, 2011).

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