lOMoARcPSD|44532475
Pediatrics Exam 3 Study Guide
**Erikson’s Stages of Development**
Birth – 1 year: Trust vs Mistrust – having needs met by caregiver – gain
faith/optimism
1 year – 3 years: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt – gain self-control/will power,
develop conscience
3 years – 6 years: Initiative vs Guilt – gain direction/purpose
6 years – 12 years: Industry vs Inferiority – gain competence, understand
cause and effect
12 years – 18 years: Identity vs Role Confusion – gain devotion/fidelity
*Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development**
Birth – 2 years: Sensorimotor – simple learning, trial & error
2 years – 7 years: Preoperational – egocentric, simple associations, concrete
thought, transductive reasoning (“all women with big bellies are pregnant”)
7 years to 11 years: Concrete Operations – logical, coherent thought,
classifying/sorting, problem-solving
11 years – 15 years: Formal Operations – Adaptable/flexible, abstract
thought, can form hypotheses
**Types of Play**
Unoccupied (Infant) – not mobile, random movement
Solitary (Infant/Toddler) – playing alone
Onlooker play (Infant/Toddler) – Watching others play
Parallel Play (Toddler) – play independently with others
Associative Play (Pre-school) – Play together with no goal
Cooperative Play (School-age) – Organized play in group with common goal
Physical Assessment:
Ears: Infants, pull pinna down and back, > 3 yo, pull pinna up and back
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**Pain Scales**
NIPS – <2 mon – facial expression, movement, crying)
FLACC – Infant > 2 mo
Wong-Baker – 3yo-4yo
Numeric – 8 and up, early as 5 if appropriate
**Milestones**
1 month – flexed position, can turn head side to side when prone
2 months – vocalizes distinct from crying, social smile, posterior fontanel
closed
3 months – holds objects but will not reach for them, turns head to follow
sounds, coos/squeals to show pleasure
4 months – moro, tonic neck, and rooting reflex gone, almost no head lag,
rolls from back to side, plays with hands, laughs aloud
5 months – rolls from abdomen to back, birth weight doubled, grasps objects
voluntarily
6 months – teething: 2 lower incisors, imitates sounds/actions, babbles one
syllable, briefly searches for dropped object
7 months – sits, leaning forward on hands, transfers objects from one hand to
another, increasing stranger danger
8 months – sits steadily unsupported
9 months – pulls self to standing position, creeps along furniture, crude
pincer grasp
10 months – develops object permanence
11 months – Cruises/walks with both hands held
12 months – birth weight tripled, birth length increased by 50%, walks with 1
hand held, says 3-5 words besides mama, dada, has a favorite toy
18 months – Anterior fontanel closed, throws ball overhead without falling
24 months – phrases, turn pages of book one by one, picking up objects
without falling, building towers
Downloaded by madiba South Africa stuvia ()
Pediatrics Exam 3 Study Guide
**Erikson’s Stages of Development**
Birth – 1 year: Trust vs Mistrust – having needs met by caregiver – gain
faith/optimism
1 year – 3 years: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt – gain self-control/will power,
develop conscience
3 years – 6 years: Initiative vs Guilt – gain direction/purpose
6 years – 12 years: Industry vs Inferiority – gain competence, understand
cause and effect
12 years – 18 years: Identity vs Role Confusion – gain devotion/fidelity
*Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development**
Birth – 2 years: Sensorimotor – simple learning, trial & error
2 years – 7 years: Preoperational – egocentric, simple associations, concrete
thought, transductive reasoning (“all women with big bellies are pregnant”)
7 years to 11 years: Concrete Operations – logical, coherent thought,
classifying/sorting, problem-solving
11 years – 15 years: Formal Operations – Adaptable/flexible, abstract
thought, can form hypotheses
**Types of Play**
Unoccupied (Infant) – not mobile, random movement
Solitary (Infant/Toddler) – playing alone
Onlooker play (Infant/Toddler) – Watching others play
Parallel Play (Toddler) – play independently with others
Associative Play (Pre-school) – Play together with no goal
Cooperative Play (School-age) – Organized play in group with common goal
Physical Assessment:
Ears: Infants, pull pinna down and back, > 3 yo, pull pinna up and back
Downloaded by madiba South Africa stuvia ()
, lOMoARcPSD|44532475
**Pain Scales**
NIPS – <2 mon – facial expression, movement, crying)
FLACC – Infant > 2 mo
Wong-Baker – 3yo-4yo
Numeric – 8 and up, early as 5 if appropriate
**Milestones**
1 month – flexed position, can turn head side to side when prone
2 months – vocalizes distinct from crying, social smile, posterior fontanel
closed
3 months – holds objects but will not reach for them, turns head to follow
sounds, coos/squeals to show pleasure
4 months – moro, tonic neck, and rooting reflex gone, almost no head lag,
rolls from back to side, plays with hands, laughs aloud
5 months – rolls from abdomen to back, birth weight doubled, grasps objects
voluntarily
6 months – teething: 2 lower incisors, imitates sounds/actions, babbles one
syllable, briefly searches for dropped object
7 months – sits, leaning forward on hands, transfers objects from one hand to
another, increasing stranger danger
8 months – sits steadily unsupported
9 months – pulls self to standing position, creeps along furniture, crude
pincer grasp
10 months – develops object permanence
11 months – Cruises/walks with both hands held
12 months – birth weight tripled, birth length increased by 50%, walks with 1
hand held, says 3-5 words besides mama, dada, has a favorite toy
18 months – Anterior fontanel closed, throws ball overhead without falling
24 months – phrases, turn pages of book one by one, picking up objects
without falling, building towers
Downloaded by madiba South Africa stuvia ()
