PSY 200 Exam 2 Study Guide Latest Update
2025/2026| Real-Based 100%
Are most older adults happy? - Correct Answers-Yes, for the most part, they are
Can extrinsic motivation work against intrinsic motivation? - Correct Answers-Yes
Describe bandura's bobo doll study - Correct Answers-Researches lead individual
preschoolers to a room filled with toys 4-year-olds would like. An [adult model], someone
whose behavior might serve as a guide for others, then entered the room and started playing
with the Bobo doll. The adult played quietly for a moment but then started playing aggressively
toward the doll. When the children who observed these actions were later allowed to play with
a variety of toys, including the Bobo doll, they were more than twice as likely to interact with it
in an aggressive manner.
Describe Pavlov's dog experiment. - Correct Answers-a dog will naturally salivate when it
sees food, when you present a bell with the food and the dog will become conditioned to the
sound of the bell.
In Pavlov's experiment, he was using the idea that dogs will naturally salivate when they see
food. He rang a bell & presented food to try and condition the dogs to salivate at the sound of
the bell. Eventually he rang the bell without providing food and the dogs still salivated showing
they were conditioned to the response.
Describe the experiment by Sperling (1960) and how it showed sensory memory exists -
Correct Answers-Iconic memory test: When a grid of letters is flashed on screen for only
1/20th of a second, it is difficult to recall individual letters. But if prompted to remember a
particular row immediately after the grid is shown, research participants will do so with high
accuracy.
Sperling used this procedure to demonstrate that although iconic memory stores the whole
grid, the information fades away too quickly for a person to recall everything
Describe the Little Albert study - Correct Answers-Little albert was an infant that was being
used to test whether or not phobias could be acquired. At first, Albert showed no fear with the
stimuli at first. The second time, whenever Albert reached for the object there was a loud sound
,that would cause Albert to become startled & cry. This continued until it got to the point that
whenever the object was placed in front of Albert, he would begin to cry and want it away from
him because he was now afraid of the object.
Do people with anterograde amnesia still have the ability to form new implicit memories? -
Correct Answers-Yes
Does research suggest sexual orientation is a choice? - Correct Answers-No
Does research suggest that adolescence is a troubled time for most people? - Correct
Answers-Yes
Does the amount of emotional displays vary across cultures? - Correct Answers-Yes
Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1) Self-Actualization
2) Esteem
3) Belongingness & Love
4) Safety & Security
5) Physiological - Correct Answers-1) our desire to achieve one's full potential
2) prestige & feeling of accomplishment
3) Intimate relationships/friends
4) Feeling safe & secure
5) Biological needs like eating, sleeping, etc.
Explain Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - Correct Answers-Stage 1: Sensorimotor
(ages 0-2) BIG emphasis on senses & movement; coordinates senses with motor response,
curious about the world, language used for demands; *object permanence develops during this
stage.*
Stage 2: Preoperational (ages 2-7) symbolic thinking, use of syntax & grammar, imagination is
strong but complex abstract thought is still difficult. *Conservation develops during this stage*
, Stage 3: Concrete Operational (ages 7-11) concepts attached to real, concrete situations.
Understanding of time, space, & quantity can be applied but not as individual concepts
Stage 4: Formal Operational (ages 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, & counterfactual thinking.
Abstract logic & reasoning, strategy & planning become possible, concepts learned in one
setting can be applied to others
Explain the studies by Tolman & Honzik (1930) & how they challenged the notion that there was
not a cognitive component to learning - Correct Answers-Rats in a control group that never
received any reinforcement improved at finding their way through the maze over 17 days but
not by much.
Rats that received regular reinforcement showed fairly clear learning; their error rate decreased
steadily over time.
Rats in the latent learning group were treated exactly like the control group rats for the first 10
days and then like the regularly rewarded group for the last 7 days.
**Their dramatic improvement on day 12 shows that these rats had learned a lot about the
maze and the location of the goal box even though they had never received reinforcements.
Also on the last 7 days, these latent learners actually seem to make fewer errors than their
regularly rewarded counterparts.**
Explain the studies done by Loftus - Correct Answers-He wondered that if misleading details
can be implanted in people's memories, is it also possible to suggest entire episodes that never
occurred? In which he got the answer that yes it could, by having an older brother, Jim, ask his
teenage brother Chris, if he remembered the time he got lost in a mall. At the time he din't, but
after several days he could remember the events in detail, even though this event had never
happened.
Explain the study by Craik & Tulving (1975) - Correct Answers-Researchers presented
participants with a series of words and asked them to make one of three types of judgements
a) Semantic judgement - required the participants to think about the meaning of the word.
b) Rhyme judgements - required the participants to think about the sound of the word.
2025/2026| Real-Based 100%
Are most older adults happy? - Correct Answers-Yes, for the most part, they are
Can extrinsic motivation work against intrinsic motivation? - Correct Answers-Yes
Describe bandura's bobo doll study - Correct Answers-Researches lead individual
preschoolers to a room filled with toys 4-year-olds would like. An [adult model], someone
whose behavior might serve as a guide for others, then entered the room and started playing
with the Bobo doll. The adult played quietly for a moment but then started playing aggressively
toward the doll. When the children who observed these actions were later allowed to play with
a variety of toys, including the Bobo doll, they were more than twice as likely to interact with it
in an aggressive manner.
Describe Pavlov's dog experiment. - Correct Answers-a dog will naturally salivate when it
sees food, when you present a bell with the food and the dog will become conditioned to the
sound of the bell.
In Pavlov's experiment, he was using the idea that dogs will naturally salivate when they see
food. He rang a bell & presented food to try and condition the dogs to salivate at the sound of
the bell. Eventually he rang the bell without providing food and the dogs still salivated showing
they were conditioned to the response.
Describe the experiment by Sperling (1960) and how it showed sensory memory exists -
Correct Answers-Iconic memory test: When a grid of letters is flashed on screen for only
1/20th of a second, it is difficult to recall individual letters. But if prompted to remember a
particular row immediately after the grid is shown, research participants will do so with high
accuracy.
Sperling used this procedure to demonstrate that although iconic memory stores the whole
grid, the information fades away too quickly for a person to recall everything
Describe the Little Albert study - Correct Answers-Little albert was an infant that was being
used to test whether or not phobias could be acquired. At first, Albert showed no fear with the
stimuli at first. The second time, whenever Albert reached for the object there was a loud sound
,that would cause Albert to become startled & cry. This continued until it got to the point that
whenever the object was placed in front of Albert, he would begin to cry and want it away from
him because he was now afraid of the object.
Do people with anterograde amnesia still have the ability to form new implicit memories? -
Correct Answers-Yes
Does research suggest sexual orientation is a choice? - Correct Answers-No
Does research suggest that adolescence is a troubled time for most people? - Correct
Answers-Yes
Does the amount of emotional displays vary across cultures? - Correct Answers-Yes
Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1) Self-Actualization
2) Esteem
3) Belongingness & Love
4) Safety & Security
5) Physiological - Correct Answers-1) our desire to achieve one's full potential
2) prestige & feeling of accomplishment
3) Intimate relationships/friends
4) Feeling safe & secure
5) Biological needs like eating, sleeping, etc.
Explain Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - Correct Answers-Stage 1: Sensorimotor
(ages 0-2) BIG emphasis on senses & movement; coordinates senses with motor response,
curious about the world, language used for demands; *object permanence develops during this
stage.*
Stage 2: Preoperational (ages 2-7) symbolic thinking, use of syntax & grammar, imagination is
strong but complex abstract thought is still difficult. *Conservation develops during this stage*
, Stage 3: Concrete Operational (ages 7-11) concepts attached to real, concrete situations.
Understanding of time, space, & quantity can be applied but not as individual concepts
Stage 4: Formal Operational (ages 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, & counterfactual thinking.
Abstract logic & reasoning, strategy & planning become possible, concepts learned in one
setting can be applied to others
Explain the studies by Tolman & Honzik (1930) & how they challenged the notion that there was
not a cognitive component to learning - Correct Answers-Rats in a control group that never
received any reinforcement improved at finding their way through the maze over 17 days but
not by much.
Rats that received regular reinforcement showed fairly clear learning; their error rate decreased
steadily over time.
Rats in the latent learning group were treated exactly like the control group rats for the first 10
days and then like the regularly rewarded group for the last 7 days.
**Their dramatic improvement on day 12 shows that these rats had learned a lot about the
maze and the location of the goal box even though they had never received reinforcements.
Also on the last 7 days, these latent learners actually seem to make fewer errors than their
regularly rewarded counterparts.**
Explain the studies done by Loftus - Correct Answers-He wondered that if misleading details
can be implanted in people's memories, is it also possible to suggest entire episodes that never
occurred? In which he got the answer that yes it could, by having an older brother, Jim, ask his
teenage brother Chris, if he remembered the time he got lost in a mall. At the time he din't, but
after several days he could remember the events in detail, even though this event had never
happened.
Explain the study by Craik & Tulving (1975) - Correct Answers-Researchers presented
participants with a series of words and asked them to make one of three types of judgements
a) Semantic judgement - required the participants to think about the meaning of the word.
b) Rhyme judgements - required the participants to think about the sound of the word.
