NST2602 Assignment 3
(COMPLETE ANSWERS)
2025 - DUE 27 July 2025
For assistance contact
Email:
,Question 1
1.1 Define innovation in the context of technological advancement and provide two
modern-day examples that demonstrate its impact on society. (2) Innovation, in the context
of technological advancement, refers to the creation and implementation of new or significantly
improved products, processes, or services that lead to substantial positive changes and often
disrupt existing paradigms.
Example 1: Smartphones and Mobile Internet: The widespread adoption of
smartphones with integrated mobile internet capabilities has revolutionized
communication, commerce, and access to information, transforming social interactions
and economic activities globally.
Example 2: Renewable Energy Technologies (e.g., Solar Panels): Advancements in
solar panel efficiency and cost reduction have made renewable energy more accessible,
impacting environmental sustainability by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and providing
clean energy to remote areas.
1.2 How can Indigenous Knowledge Systems contribute to solving contemporary
environmental problems? (3) Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) offer invaluable insights
and practices for solving contemporary environmental problems by providing:
Sustainable Resource Management: IKS often includes centuries-old practices for
sustainable harvesting, land use, and water management that can inform modern
conservation efforts and promote biodiversity.
Holistic Ecological Understanding: Indigenous communities frequently possess deep,
nuanced understandings of local ecosystems, climate patterns, and species interactions,
which can contribute to more effective ecological restoration and adaptation strategies.
Community-Based Solutions: IKS emphasizes community participation and localized
solutions, fostering resilience and self-sufficiency in addressing environmental
challenges, rather than relying solely on top-down approaches.
1.3 Outline the phases of problem-solving in technology education and explain how each
supports creative thinking. (5) The phases of problem-solving in technology education
typically follow a design thinking approach, each supporting creative thinking:
1. Identify/Define the Problem: This phase involves clearly understanding the problem, its
context, and the needs of the users. Creative thinking is supported by encouraging
students to look beyond obvious symptoms, empathize with users, and reframe the
problem in novel ways to uncover underlying issues.
2. Research and Explore: Students gather information, investigate existing solutions, and
explore different technologies or approaches. Creative thinking is fostered by
encouraging divergent thinking, brainstorming a wide range of possibilities, and looking
for inspiration in diverse fields.
, 3. Generate Ideas/Brainstorm Solutions: This is the core ideation phase where students
generate multiple potential solutions without immediate judgment. Creative thinking is
directly engaged through techniques like mind-mapping, SCAMPER (Substitute,
Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put to another use, Eliminate, Reverse), and free association,
aiming for quantity over quality initially.
4. Develop/Prototype Solutions: Students select the most promising ideas and create
tangible prototypes or models. Creative thinking is supported as they refine their ideas,
find innovative ways to overcome practical challenges in construction, and adapt their
designs based on initial testing.
5. Test and Evaluate: Prototypes are tested against the problem criteria, and feedback is
gathered. Creative thinking comes into play when analyzing results, identifying
shortcomings, and iteratively refining the solution. It encourages an open-minded
approach to failure as a learning opportunity and inspires inventive modifications.
1.4 What is procedural knowledge, and how does it differ from conceptual knowledge in
the context of learning technology? (3) Procedural knowledge refers to the "how-to"
knowledge – the understanding of how to perform specific tasks, steps, or operations. In
technology, it involves knowing the sequence of actions required to operate a device, use
software, or execute a technical process.
Conceptual knowledge is the "what" and "why" knowledge – the understanding of fundamental
principles, theories, relationships, and underlying concepts. In technology, it involves
understanding why certain technologies work, the principles behind their design, or the abstract
ideas that govern their function.
Differences:
Focus: Procedural knowledge focuses on actions and sequences (e.g., "how to code a
loop"). Conceptual knowledge focuses on understanding principles and relationships
(e.g., "what a loop is and why it's used").
Application: Procedural knowledge allows for the execution of tasks, while conceptual
knowledge allows for adaptation, problem-solving in new contexts, and deeper
comprehension.
Flexibility: Someone with strong procedural knowledge might follow instructions
perfectly but struggle if a slight deviation is required. Someone with strong conceptual
knowledge can adapt their approach to novel situations because they understand the
underlying principles.
1.5 Discuss how integrating Indigenous practices into design thinking can influence the
outcome of engineering projects. (2) Integrating Indigenous practices into design thinking can
profoundly influence engineering project outcomes by:
Enhancing Cultural Relevance and Acceptance: Projects become more aligned with
community needs, values, and traditions, leading to greater local ownership, adoption,
, and long-term sustainability. This can prevent solutions from being rejected due to
cultural insensitivity.
Fostering Sustainable and Context-Specific Solutions: Indigenous practices often
embody deep ecological knowledge and resourcefulness, inspiring designs that are
environmentally sound, utilize local materials, and are resilient to local conditions,
leading to more sustainable and appropriate engineering outcomes.
1.6 Highlight two significant milestones in the evolution of African iron-smelting
technologies and their role in technological heritage. (4)
1. Independent Invention of Iron Smelting (e.g., Nok Culture, West Africa, c. 1000
BCE): This is a significant milestone because it demonstrates that iron smelting was
developed independently in Africa, without necessarily being introduced from external
sources. This challenges Eurocentric narratives of technological diffusion and highlights
Africa's role as an independent innovator in metallurgy. It underscores a sophisticated
understanding of high-temperature processes and material science, forming a crucial part
of Africa's technological heritage.
2. Development of Pre-heated Draft Furnaces (e.g., Great Lakes Region, c. 200-800
CE): African ironworkers in regions like present-day Tanzania and Uganda developed
highly efficient furnaces that used pre-heated air drafts to achieve very high temperatures,
allowing for the production of stronger, higher-carbon steel directly in the furnace. This
advanced technique, often predating similar developments elsewhere, showcases
exceptional engineering ingenuity and a deep knowledge of thermochemistry, solidifying
Africa's position as a pioneer in advanced metallurgical practices within the global
technological heritage.
1.7 Why is it essential to develop analytical thinking skills in the design process? Support
your answer with one example. (3) Developing analytical thinking skills in the design process
is essential because it enables designers to:
Deconstruct Complex Problems: Break down large, multifaceted challenges into
smaller, manageable components, allowing for a systematic approach to understanding
and solving each part.
Evaluate Alternatives Rigorously: Critically assess different design options, weighing
their pros and cons based on specific criteria like feasibility, cost, impact, and user needs,
leading to more informed decisions.
Identify Root Causes and Constraints: Pinpoint the fundamental reasons behind
problems and recognize limitations (e.g., budget, materials, time) that will influence the
design.
Example: In designing a water filtration system for a rural community with limited resources,
analytical thinking allows the designer to:
(COMPLETE ANSWERS)
2025 - DUE 27 July 2025
For assistance contact
Email:
,Question 1
1.1 Define innovation in the context of technological advancement and provide two
modern-day examples that demonstrate its impact on society. (2) Innovation, in the context
of technological advancement, refers to the creation and implementation of new or significantly
improved products, processes, or services that lead to substantial positive changes and often
disrupt existing paradigms.
Example 1: Smartphones and Mobile Internet: The widespread adoption of
smartphones with integrated mobile internet capabilities has revolutionized
communication, commerce, and access to information, transforming social interactions
and economic activities globally.
Example 2: Renewable Energy Technologies (e.g., Solar Panels): Advancements in
solar panel efficiency and cost reduction have made renewable energy more accessible,
impacting environmental sustainability by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and providing
clean energy to remote areas.
1.2 How can Indigenous Knowledge Systems contribute to solving contemporary
environmental problems? (3) Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) offer invaluable insights
and practices for solving contemporary environmental problems by providing:
Sustainable Resource Management: IKS often includes centuries-old practices for
sustainable harvesting, land use, and water management that can inform modern
conservation efforts and promote biodiversity.
Holistic Ecological Understanding: Indigenous communities frequently possess deep,
nuanced understandings of local ecosystems, climate patterns, and species interactions,
which can contribute to more effective ecological restoration and adaptation strategies.
Community-Based Solutions: IKS emphasizes community participation and localized
solutions, fostering resilience and self-sufficiency in addressing environmental
challenges, rather than relying solely on top-down approaches.
1.3 Outline the phases of problem-solving in technology education and explain how each
supports creative thinking. (5) The phases of problem-solving in technology education
typically follow a design thinking approach, each supporting creative thinking:
1. Identify/Define the Problem: This phase involves clearly understanding the problem, its
context, and the needs of the users. Creative thinking is supported by encouraging
students to look beyond obvious symptoms, empathize with users, and reframe the
problem in novel ways to uncover underlying issues.
2. Research and Explore: Students gather information, investigate existing solutions, and
explore different technologies or approaches. Creative thinking is fostered by
encouraging divergent thinking, brainstorming a wide range of possibilities, and looking
for inspiration in diverse fields.
, 3. Generate Ideas/Brainstorm Solutions: This is the core ideation phase where students
generate multiple potential solutions without immediate judgment. Creative thinking is
directly engaged through techniques like mind-mapping, SCAMPER (Substitute,
Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put to another use, Eliminate, Reverse), and free association,
aiming for quantity over quality initially.
4. Develop/Prototype Solutions: Students select the most promising ideas and create
tangible prototypes or models. Creative thinking is supported as they refine their ideas,
find innovative ways to overcome practical challenges in construction, and adapt their
designs based on initial testing.
5. Test and Evaluate: Prototypes are tested against the problem criteria, and feedback is
gathered. Creative thinking comes into play when analyzing results, identifying
shortcomings, and iteratively refining the solution. It encourages an open-minded
approach to failure as a learning opportunity and inspires inventive modifications.
1.4 What is procedural knowledge, and how does it differ from conceptual knowledge in
the context of learning technology? (3) Procedural knowledge refers to the "how-to"
knowledge – the understanding of how to perform specific tasks, steps, or operations. In
technology, it involves knowing the sequence of actions required to operate a device, use
software, or execute a technical process.
Conceptual knowledge is the "what" and "why" knowledge – the understanding of fundamental
principles, theories, relationships, and underlying concepts. In technology, it involves
understanding why certain technologies work, the principles behind their design, or the abstract
ideas that govern their function.
Differences:
Focus: Procedural knowledge focuses on actions and sequences (e.g., "how to code a
loop"). Conceptual knowledge focuses on understanding principles and relationships
(e.g., "what a loop is and why it's used").
Application: Procedural knowledge allows for the execution of tasks, while conceptual
knowledge allows for adaptation, problem-solving in new contexts, and deeper
comprehension.
Flexibility: Someone with strong procedural knowledge might follow instructions
perfectly but struggle if a slight deviation is required. Someone with strong conceptual
knowledge can adapt their approach to novel situations because they understand the
underlying principles.
1.5 Discuss how integrating Indigenous practices into design thinking can influence the
outcome of engineering projects. (2) Integrating Indigenous practices into design thinking can
profoundly influence engineering project outcomes by:
Enhancing Cultural Relevance and Acceptance: Projects become more aligned with
community needs, values, and traditions, leading to greater local ownership, adoption,
, and long-term sustainability. This can prevent solutions from being rejected due to
cultural insensitivity.
Fostering Sustainable and Context-Specific Solutions: Indigenous practices often
embody deep ecological knowledge and resourcefulness, inspiring designs that are
environmentally sound, utilize local materials, and are resilient to local conditions,
leading to more sustainable and appropriate engineering outcomes.
1.6 Highlight two significant milestones in the evolution of African iron-smelting
technologies and their role in technological heritage. (4)
1. Independent Invention of Iron Smelting (e.g., Nok Culture, West Africa, c. 1000
BCE): This is a significant milestone because it demonstrates that iron smelting was
developed independently in Africa, without necessarily being introduced from external
sources. This challenges Eurocentric narratives of technological diffusion and highlights
Africa's role as an independent innovator in metallurgy. It underscores a sophisticated
understanding of high-temperature processes and material science, forming a crucial part
of Africa's technological heritage.
2. Development of Pre-heated Draft Furnaces (e.g., Great Lakes Region, c. 200-800
CE): African ironworkers in regions like present-day Tanzania and Uganda developed
highly efficient furnaces that used pre-heated air drafts to achieve very high temperatures,
allowing for the production of stronger, higher-carbon steel directly in the furnace. This
advanced technique, often predating similar developments elsewhere, showcases
exceptional engineering ingenuity and a deep knowledge of thermochemistry, solidifying
Africa's position as a pioneer in advanced metallurgical practices within the global
technological heritage.
1.7 Why is it essential to develop analytical thinking skills in the design process? Support
your answer with one example. (3) Developing analytical thinking skills in the design process
is essential because it enables designers to:
Deconstruct Complex Problems: Break down large, multifaceted challenges into
smaller, manageable components, allowing for a systematic approach to understanding
and solving each part.
Evaluate Alternatives Rigorously: Critically assess different design options, weighing
their pros and cons based on specific criteria like feasibility, cost, impact, and user needs,
leading to more informed decisions.
Identify Root Causes and Constraints: Pinpoint the fundamental reasons behind
problems and recognize limitations (e.g., budget, materials, time) that will influence the
design.
Example: In designing a water filtration system for a rural community with limited resources,
analytical thinking allows the designer to:
