, PLEASE USE THIS DOCUMENT AS A GUIDE TO ANSWER YOUR ASSIGNMENT
QUESTION 1
1.1. Define the following:
A) Particle
A particle is a small, localized object that can be described by various physical or chemical
properties. All matter in the universe is composed of these tiny particles, which include atoms,
protons, and electrons, the latter two being classified as subatomic particles.
B) Atomic model
An atomic model refers to a theoretical framework used to describe the structure and composition of
atoms. These models have evolved over time, based on accumulating evidence. Early models, such
as Dalton's solid sphere model, were followed by Thomson’s plum pudding model, Rutherford's
nuclear model, Bohr’s model of electron orbits, and, more recently, the quantum mechanical model.
C) Subatomic
A subatomic particle is one that exists within an atom and is smaller than an atom. The main
subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons, each with distinct properties, such as charge
or lack thereof in the case of neutrons.
D) Protons
Protons are positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They, along with
neutrons, form the nucleus, which contains nearly all of the atom's mass. The number of protons in
an atom defines the element’s atomic number, making each element unique.
E) Neutrons
Neutrons are uncharged subatomic particles, also located in the nucleus of atoms. Along with
protons, they contribute to the atom's mass. Neutrons were discovered in 1932 and play a key role in
stabilizing the nucleus by counteracting the repulsive forces between positively charged protons.
F) Electron configuration
Electron configuration describes the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons are distributed across different energy levels or shells, starting from the lowest energy shell.
The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a given shell is determined by the formula 2n²,
where n is the shell number.
G) Energy
Energy is the ability to perform work or cause a change. According to the law of conservation of
energy, it cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed from one form to another. Energy is
essential in both natural processes and human activities, such as powering machines, providing light,
and facilitating chemical reactions.
QUESTION 1
1.1. Define the following:
A) Particle
A particle is a small, localized object that can be described by various physical or chemical
properties. All matter in the universe is composed of these tiny particles, which include atoms,
protons, and electrons, the latter two being classified as subatomic particles.
B) Atomic model
An atomic model refers to a theoretical framework used to describe the structure and composition of
atoms. These models have evolved over time, based on accumulating evidence. Early models, such
as Dalton's solid sphere model, were followed by Thomson’s plum pudding model, Rutherford's
nuclear model, Bohr’s model of electron orbits, and, more recently, the quantum mechanical model.
C) Subatomic
A subatomic particle is one that exists within an atom and is smaller than an atom. The main
subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons, each with distinct properties, such as charge
or lack thereof in the case of neutrons.
D) Protons
Protons are positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They, along with
neutrons, form the nucleus, which contains nearly all of the atom's mass. The number of protons in
an atom defines the element’s atomic number, making each element unique.
E) Neutrons
Neutrons are uncharged subatomic particles, also located in the nucleus of atoms. Along with
protons, they contribute to the atom's mass. Neutrons were discovered in 1932 and play a key role in
stabilizing the nucleus by counteracting the repulsive forces between positively charged protons.
F) Electron configuration
Electron configuration describes the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons are distributed across different energy levels or shells, starting from the lowest energy shell.
The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a given shell is determined by the formula 2n²,
where n is the shell number.
G) Energy
Energy is the ability to perform work or cause a change. According to the law of conservation of
energy, it cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed from one form to another. Energy is
essential in both natural processes and human activities, such as powering machines, providing light,
and facilitating chemical reactions.
