STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY
History 144 Notes
Term 4
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
Table of Contents
AFRIKANER NATIONALISM AS A HISTORICAL FACTOR ............................................................................................ 3
Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Ethnic Mobilization ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Race................................................................................................................................................................ 3
People ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Culture ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
Factors Determining a Peoples’ Identity ........................................................................................................ 4
Nation ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
Nationalism .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Afrikaners ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Afrikaner Nationalism .................................................................................................................................... 4
Landmarks/Building blocks in the development of Afrikaner nationalism: An overview ................................. 5
Language ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Establishment of an Ethnic Party ................................................................................................................... 6
The Rebellion of 1914 – 1915 ........................................................................................................................ 6
Nasionale Pers and Die Burger....................................................................................................................... 6
The Dutch-Reformed Church (NG Kerk) ......................................................................................................... 7
Utilizing the Economy .................................................................................................................................... 7
Afrikaner Organizations ................................................................................................................................. 9
History .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Divergent Interpretations of Afrikaner Nationalism ........................................................................................ 10
Afrikaner Nationalist Interpretation ............................................................................................................ 10
Interpretation of Liberal Historians ............................................................................................................. 11
Interpretation of Revisionist Historians ....................................................................................................... 11
SEGREGATION AND APARTHEID ........................................................................................................................... 13
The Origins of Segregation ............................................................................................................................... 13
The Implementation of Segregation to 1948 ................................................................................................... 14
The Nature and Implementation of Apartheid ................................................................................................ 15
Segregation & Apartheid: Two Sides of the Same Coin? ............................................................................. 15
The Implementation of Apartheid ............................................................................................................... 17
Efforts to Reform Apartheid ............................................................................................................................. 20
Resistance to Apartheid by Resistance Movement (Further elaborated discussed under BLACK
NATIONALISM & PROTEST POLITICS) ........................................................................................................... 20
Apartheid and White Politics in the 1960s and 1970s ................................................................................. 21
Apartheid in Decline .................................................................................................................................... 22
The Demise of Apartheid.................................................................................................................................. 23
1
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
TH
BLACK NATIONALISM & POLITICS IN THE 20 CENTURY ..................................................................................... 24
Black Nationalism to 1939: A Brief Overview ................................................................................................... 24
Radicalisation of Black Protest Politics 1940 – 1949 ........................................................................................ 25
Contributing Factors .................................................................................................................................... 25
Viewpoints of the Ideology of Africanism .................................................................................................... 26
Factors Favouring the Acceptance of Africanist Thought in Black Ranks in SA in the 1940s ....................... 26
Xuma’s Re-Organisation of the ANC ............................................................................................................ 27
Xuma and the CYL ........................................................................................................................................ 27
ANC Accepts the CYL’s “Programme of Action” 1949 .................................................................................. 27
The SACP & Other Black Protest Politics Groups ......................................................................................... 28
Black Protest Politics: From Elite to “Mass Movement” 1950 – 1959 ............................................................. 29
Protest actions in the 1950s ........................................................................................................................ 29
The Defiance Campaign & its Influence of Black Protest Politics in SA ........................................................ 29
Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter 1955 ............................................................................. 30
Grassroots Protest ....................................................................................................................................... 31
The Treason Trial ......................................................................................................................................... 31
Conflict in the ANC ranks: Formation of the PAC ......................................................................................... 32
On the Road to Sharpeville: The Last Phase of Peaceful Protest ................................................................. 32
The Influence of the Sharpeville Crisis ......................................................................................................... 32
From Protest to Resistance 1960 – 1965 ......................................................................................................... 33
Reaction of the ANC & PAC after Sharpeville .............................................................................................. 33
The ANC & Umkhonto We Sizwe ................................................................................................................. 34
The PAC & Poqo ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Consequences of the Resistance ................................................................................................................. 35
Black Political Organizations in Exile ................................................................................................................ 35
From Black Consciousness to Soweto 1968 -1977 ........................................................................................... 35
Reasons for the “Decade of Quietude” after Sharpeville ............................................................................ 35
The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) ................................................................................................ 35
The Post-Soweto Era ........................................................................................................................................ 40
2
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
AFRIKANER NATIONALISM AS A HISTORICAL FACTOR
Definitions
Ethnic Mobilization
The process through which particular interests become that of everybody or become common
interests
This issue is then adopted by the mobilized group as a rightful claim - even if it is to the detriment of
the interests of outsiders
In ethnic mobilization members stand together – in sacrifice, in group action and in the hope for a
better future
When mobilization gathers momentum, social intercourse with outsiders is replaced by relationships
within the group
It can be an illusion or reality but conflict within the group disappears in a common consciousness
which dissolves previous antagonisms in a new found harmony
o Example: class conflict within the group is made subject to the need for group unity
A group that is mobilized in this way forms a strong collective power as the history of nationalism has
proven over time
The strategy of mobilization is often employed by a disadvantaged elite to get redress for their
grievances
Mobilization can also be used by a privileged elite to maintain their position of power
The calls made by ethnic leaders on their followers are usually very successful. The reason for the
success is the shared socializing experience of ethnic mobilization
It is comparable to the members of a family that stick together because of their shared experiences in
their search for comfort and security
Ethnic mobilization depends a lot on whether it is applicable and necessary within a specific socio-
political environment
Ethnic connectedness is functional/expedient
It specifically depends on whether there is a conscious need for ethnic solidarity
“The attachment to ethnicity may flush or fade very quickly depending on political or economic
circumstances” – Daniel Bell
“Ethnic or clan affiliation does not survive because it’s an innate characteristic of people and families
or of their culture; it survives, or more accurately is recreated or reconstituted, because it is
functional to the conditions of peoples’ present lives” – Tim Keegan
Race
A biological community
People
A cultural community
Culture
Man’s material and spiritual activity and the products thereof
“Culture broadly defines the way of life of a society or group. Culture includes language, beliefs,
thoughts, behaviour, traditions, rituals, customs, music, literature and art.” – JP Brits
3
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
Factors Determining a Peoples’ Identity
Descent
Territory
Administration
Language
Religion
Morals and customs
History and view of history
Cultural goods
Institutions and organizations
Nation
A group of people who regard themselves as a political unity and desiring self-determination
A unity conscious and politically driven community
Nationalism
A system of thought and a view of life in which the nation is given the central position
It arises from the assumption that the nation represents certain common characteristics, values and
interests and may have a special task to fulfil
o This lends it its own identity or character, distinguishing it from other groups
It is also assumed that membership of the nation, more than anything else, gives man a sense of
personal worth, of security, happiness, contentment, peace and hope for the future
o For these reasons the nation must be stabilized and sustained and its welfare promoted
The nation claims the highest love, honour, devotion and loyalty
o This can happen only if the nation enjoys self-determination therefore, the nation must have
its own sovereign independent state
Afrikaners
Term applied to white South Africans, mostly descendants of Dutch and Huguenot colonist, whose
home language was to become Afrikaans
Ambiguous meaning of the term ‘Afrikaner’
th
o Early 18 century used for slaves or ex-slaves of African descent
o Zuid-Afrikaan 1830: those who, English or Dutch, inhabited the land and were bound by duty
and interest to further the well-being of their country
Afrikaner Nationalism
Group consciousness among Afrikaners
Developed in the late 1870s as a response to British imperialism and was revived in the late 1890s
with the Jameson Raid and the South African War
In the course of the 20th century large numbers of Afrikaners were mobilized on ethnic lines by
Afrikaner institutions and the majority of Afrikaners saw themselves as a part of a group
4
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
Landmarks/Building blocks in the development of Afrikaner nationalism:
An overview
Revived ethnic mobilization in 1910
o Driven by Afrikaner intellectual class
Teachers, ministers, journalists
Aim was to create Afrikaner-filled schools and churches and to promote the buying
of Afrikaans literature
Botha, Smuts and the South African Party (SAP)
o SAP drawn to the symbioses of the state and capital
o Dropped anti-capitalistic/anti-British rhetoric
o Lukewarm support of Afrikaner cultural aspirations
o Conciliation policy
o Failed to harness exclusively defined Afrikaner ethnic consciousness
Language
Afrikaans was used or known as “a badge of social identity”
“The main symbol of their social identity”
“To build a nation from words”
o The reconstruction after the Anglo Boer War was motivated and instigated by Afrikaans
politicians and intellectuals
Afrikaans was made to be respectable language in the way that it was spoken and written
o Simplified language
o Produced Afrikaans literature
o Shed the image of being a language of and associated with poverty/the poor
o 1909: The SA Academy for Arts and Science was founded
Eugene Marais, Gustav Preller, Celliers, Totius, Leipoldt
o “It is the only tie that binds us together as a People; it is our only national characteristic... the
one and only white man’s language which was made in South Africa. *It is] the one bond
which joins us as a nation together, the expressed soul of our volk” – Langenhoven
1925: Afrikaans is recognised as an official language
o D F Malan: “For the first time the Afrikaners felt that they were fully free and at home in
their own country”
o N P van Wyk Louw: “the gamble of Afrikaans”
The battle for public recognition was won largely in schools
o 1921: Helpmekaar High School became the first Afrikaans-medium school in Johannesburg
o Educators were a powerful agent in promoting the love for Afrikaans
Tertiary Education
o Proposal for a single university in Cape Town with English as its medium of instruction
Victoria College protested
*Victoria College became the emblem of a+ ‘Vigorous, growing national life
for Afrikaners to express themselves. It stands for an idea’ – D F Malan
Jannie Marais was a catalyst and donated the £100 000 that would allow
Victoria College to become Stellenbosch University in 1918
5
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
Establishment of an Ethnic Party
National Party (NP) established in 1914
o Afrikaner intellectual class supported Hertzog
o Afrikaner workers
Ethnic mobilization was more difficult
Needed employment and economic relief
o Poor farmers
Had been estranged by Botha and Smuts who had supported large land owners
o The rural poor supported the NP after 1914
Attracted by the anti-capitalism and explicit racism
Strong policy towards blacks in order to solve labour problems
The Rebellion of 1914 – 1915
Influence of the Rebellion
o Established the NP as anti-imperialistic and anti-capitalistic
o Identification with the rebels
o Supported Helpmekaar
o Saw the growing support of the NP
Gained 15 new seats in the 1915 election
o Only the richer and older Afrikaners still supported Botha, Smuts and the South African Party
Nasionale Pers and Die Burger
Background
o Growing number of Afrikaner ethnic institutions
o Symbiosis of material and ethnic interests
o Afrikaner financial institutions
District banks
By 1900: District bank of Stellenbosch was the only survivor
Trust Companies
o Proto-nationalist establishment developed in Western Cape
Affluent farmers
Shareholders, directors of financial institutions
Professional men
Professors of Victoria College
Establishment of Nasionale Pers and De Burger
o December 1914: Pro-Hertzog Daily newspaper/pamphlet
Initiative was taken by Hendrik Bergh and Bruckner de Villiers
Jannie Marais bought 5000 £1 shares
26 July 1915: First issue
Contributed to making Afrikaans intellectually and socially acceptable
1922: De Burger became Die Burger
o 1916: De Huisgenoot (“The people’s university”)
Aimed to create well-informed citizens
1930: Circulation of 40 000
Portrayed Afrikaner history as a heroic period
Redefined everyday life in Afrikaans terms
Had a focus on women and the family
Women were depicted as the mothers and bearers of Afrikaner’s cultural
and nationalist aspirations
6
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
o 1917: Het Volksblad in Bloemfontein
o Landbou Weekblad (Farmers Weekly)
o Nasionale Boekhandel – publishing firm
Published 1000 books by 1940
Sold 3 274 581 copies
o Nasionale Pers (Naspers) is currently worth around R190 Billion making it the world’s largest
media group in emerging markets
Operating in 131 countries
Owns 1% of Facebook ($130 Billion); 35% of Tencent ($100 Billion); 35% of Abril
Owns 85% of the pay TV in South Africa (Multi Choice/DSTV)
Jan Marais National Funds: R1 Billon which equates to R20 million in annual interest
income
The Dutch-Reformed Church (NG Kerk)
Two social tendencies at the beginning of the 20 century
th
o Church and state politics began to intertwine
o Evangelical approach where the Church and state/politics were separate entities; the Church
was typically a-political
th
This was the dominant approach at the end of the 19
The 20 century Church became increasingly involved in ethnic politics
th
o Anglo-Boer War
Church criticized British policy towards Republics
o 1905: Dutch Reformed Churches in the colonies formed a federal structure
This was the first attempt to unite Afrikaners in South Africa
o Merriman’s observation on the role of the church
“I am more sure than ever that in their democratic church lies the salt of the
Afrikaner character. Many things they lack – imagination, education, energy – but
faith they certainly have and that keeps them strong and sound”
The Rebellion of 1914 – 1915
o United the Dutch Reformed Church behind the ethnic movement
o Rebels were not condemned
o Malan’s resolution
o The Church had a calling towards the Dutch-speaking society
The duty to be “national” and to support “national interests”
The coinciding of the Dutch Reformed Church and the National Party
o Preserved Afrikaners and their language as a unique community
Utilizing the Economy
The “First Economic Renaissance” of the Afrikaner
Helpmekaar Movement
o Result of the Rebellion of 1914 – 1915
11 472 Rebels
“the rebels took anything and everything from a horse to a needle”
o Claims of £300 000 in the Free State and £35 000 in the Transvaal
o Danger of indirect claims – potentially £750 000
o The idea of Helpmekaar originated in Bethlehem, Reitz, Lindley, etc.
o July 1917: £110 000 was still outstanding
7
History 144 Notes
Term 4
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
Table of Contents
AFRIKANER NATIONALISM AS A HISTORICAL FACTOR ............................................................................................ 3
Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Ethnic Mobilization ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Race................................................................................................................................................................ 3
People ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Culture ........................................................................................................................................................... 3
Factors Determining a Peoples’ Identity ........................................................................................................ 4
Nation ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
Nationalism .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Afrikaners ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Afrikaner Nationalism .................................................................................................................................... 4
Landmarks/Building blocks in the development of Afrikaner nationalism: An overview ................................. 5
Language ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Establishment of an Ethnic Party ................................................................................................................... 6
The Rebellion of 1914 – 1915 ........................................................................................................................ 6
Nasionale Pers and Die Burger....................................................................................................................... 6
The Dutch-Reformed Church (NG Kerk) ......................................................................................................... 7
Utilizing the Economy .................................................................................................................................... 7
Afrikaner Organizations ................................................................................................................................. 9
History .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Divergent Interpretations of Afrikaner Nationalism ........................................................................................ 10
Afrikaner Nationalist Interpretation ............................................................................................................ 10
Interpretation of Liberal Historians ............................................................................................................. 11
Interpretation of Revisionist Historians ....................................................................................................... 11
SEGREGATION AND APARTHEID ........................................................................................................................... 13
The Origins of Segregation ............................................................................................................................... 13
The Implementation of Segregation to 1948 ................................................................................................... 14
The Nature and Implementation of Apartheid ................................................................................................ 15
Segregation & Apartheid: Two Sides of the Same Coin? ............................................................................. 15
The Implementation of Apartheid ............................................................................................................... 17
Efforts to Reform Apartheid ............................................................................................................................. 20
Resistance to Apartheid by Resistance Movement (Further elaborated discussed under BLACK
NATIONALISM & PROTEST POLITICS) ........................................................................................................... 20
Apartheid and White Politics in the 1960s and 1970s ................................................................................. 21
Apartheid in Decline .................................................................................................................................... 22
The Demise of Apartheid.................................................................................................................................. 23
1
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
TH
BLACK NATIONALISM & POLITICS IN THE 20 CENTURY ..................................................................................... 24
Black Nationalism to 1939: A Brief Overview ................................................................................................... 24
Radicalisation of Black Protest Politics 1940 – 1949 ........................................................................................ 25
Contributing Factors .................................................................................................................................... 25
Viewpoints of the Ideology of Africanism .................................................................................................... 26
Factors Favouring the Acceptance of Africanist Thought in Black Ranks in SA in the 1940s ....................... 26
Xuma’s Re-Organisation of the ANC ............................................................................................................ 27
Xuma and the CYL ........................................................................................................................................ 27
ANC Accepts the CYL’s “Programme of Action” 1949 .................................................................................. 27
The SACP & Other Black Protest Politics Groups ......................................................................................... 28
Black Protest Politics: From Elite to “Mass Movement” 1950 – 1959 ............................................................. 29
Protest actions in the 1950s ........................................................................................................................ 29
The Defiance Campaign & its Influence of Black Protest Politics in SA ........................................................ 29
Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter 1955 ............................................................................. 30
Grassroots Protest ....................................................................................................................................... 31
The Treason Trial ......................................................................................................................................... 31
Conflict in the ANC ranks: Formation of the PAC ......................................................................................... 32
On the Road to Sharpeville: The Last Phase of Peaceful Protest ................................................................. 32
The Influence of the Sharpeville Crisis ......................................................................................................... 32
From Protest to Resistance 1960 – 1965 ......................................................................................................... 33
Reaction of the ANC & PAC after Sharpeville .............................................................................................. 33
The ANC & Umkhonto We Sizwe ................................................................................................................. 34
The PAC & Poqo ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Consequences of the Resistance ................................................................................................................. 35
Black Political Organizations in Exile ................................................................................................................ 35
From Black Consciousness to Soweto 1968 -1977 ........................................................................................... 35
Reasons for the “Decade of Quietude” after Sharpeville ............................................................................ 35
The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) ................................................................................................ 35
The Post-Soweto Era ........................................................................................................................................ 40
2
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
AFRIKANER NATIONALISM AS A HISTORICAL FACTOR
Definitions
Ethnic Mobilization
The process through which particular interests become that of everybody or become common
interests
This issue is then adopted by the mobilized group as a rightful claim - even if it is to the detriment of
the interests of outsiders
In ethnic mobilization members stand together – in sacrifice, in group action and in the hope for a
better future
When mobilization gathers momentum, social intercourse with outsiders is replaced by relationships
within the group
It can be an illusion or reality but conflict within the group disappears in a common consciousness
which dissolves previous antagonisms in a new found harmony
o Example: class conflict within the group is made subject to the need for group unity
A group that is mobilized in this way forms a strong collective power as the history of nationalism has
proven over time
The strategy of mobilization is often employed by a disadvantaged elite to get redress for their
grievances
Mobilization can also be used by a privileged elite to maintain their position of power
The calls made by ethnic leaders on their followers are usually very successful. The reason for the
success is the shared socializing experience of ethnic mobilization
It is comparable to the members of a family that stick together because of their shared experiences in
their search for comfort and security
Ethnic mobilization depends a lot on whether it is applicable and necessary within a specific socio-
political environment
Ethnic connectedness is functional/expedient
It specifically depends on whether there is a conscious need for ethnic solidarity
“The attachment to ethnicity may flush or fade very quickly depending on political or economic
circumstances” – Daniel Bell
“Ethnic or clan affiliation does not survive because it’s an innate characteristic of people and families
or of their culture; it survives, or more accurately is recreated or reconstituted, because it is
functional to the conditions of peoples’ present lives” – Tim Keegan
Race
A biological community
People
A cultural community
Culture
Man’s material and spiritual activity and the products thereof
“Culture broadly defines the way of life of a society or group. Culture includes language, beliefs,
thoughts, behaviour, traditions, rituals, customs, music, literature and art.” – JP Brits
3
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
Factors Determining a Peoples’ Identity
Descent
Territory
Administration
Language
Religion
Morals and customs
History and view of history
Cultural goods
Institutions and organizations
Nation
A group of people who regard themselves as a political unity and desiring self-determination
A unity conscious and politically driven community
Nationalism
A system of thought and a view of life in which the nation is given the central position
It arises from the assumption that the nation represents certain common characteristics, values and
interests and may have a special task to fulfil
o This lends it its own identity or character, distinguishing it from other groups
It is also assumed that membership of the nation, more than anything else, gives man a sense of
personal worth, of security, happiness, contentment, peace and hope for the future
o For these reasons the nation must be stabilized and sustained and its welfare promoted
The nation claims the highest love, honour, devotion and loyalty
o This can happen only if the nation enjoys self-determination therefore, the nation must have
its own sovereign independent state
Afrikaners
Term applied to white South Africans, mostly descendants of Dutch and Huguenot colonist, whose
home language was to become Afrikaans
Ambiguous meaning of the term ‘Afrikaner’
th
o Early 18 century used for slaves or ex-slaves of African descent
o Zuid-Afrikaan 1830: those who, English or Dutch, inhabited the land and were bound by duty
and interest to further the well-being of their country
Afrikaner Nationalism
Group consciousness among Afrikaners
Developed in the late 1870s as a response to British imperialism and was revived in the late 1890s
with the Jameson Raid and the South African War
In the course of the 20th century large numbers of Afrikaners were mobilized on ethnic lines by
Afrikaner institutions and the majority of Afrikaners saw themselves as a part of a group
4
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
Landmarks/Building blocks in the development of Afrikaner nationalism:
An overview
Revived ethnic mobilization in 1910
o Driven by Afrikaner intellectual class
Teachers, ministers, journalists
Aim was to create Afrikaner-filled schools and churches and to promote the buying
of Afrikaans literature
Botha, Smuts and the South African Party (SAP)
o SAP drawn to the symbioses of the state and capital
o Dropped anti-capitalistic/anti-British rhetoric
o Lukewarm support of Afrikaner cultural aspirations
o Conciliation policy
o Failed to harness exclusively defined Afrikaner ethnic consciousness
Language
Afrikaans was used or known as “a badge of social identity”
“The main symbol of their social identity”
“To build a nation from words”
o The reconstruction after the Anglo Boer War was motivated and instigated by Afrikaans
politicians and intellectuals
Afrikaans was made to be respectable language in the way that it was spoken and written
o Simplified language
o Produced Afrikaans literature
o Shed the image of being a language of and associated with poverty/the poor
o 1909: The SA Academy for Arts and Science was founded
Eugene Marais, Gustav Preller, Celliers, Totius, Leipoldt
o “It is the only tie that binds us together as a People; it is our only national characteristic... the
one and only white man’s language which was made in South Africa. *It is] the one bond
which joins us as a nation together, the expressed soul of our volk” – Langenhoven
1925: Afrikaans is recognised as an official language
o D F Malan: “For the first time the Afrikaners felt that they were fully free and at home in
their own country”
o N P van Wyk Louw: “the gamble of Afrikaans”
The battle for public recognition was won largely in schools
o 1921: Helpmekaar High School became the first Afrikaans-medium school in Johannesburg
o Educators were a powerful agent in promoting the love for Afrikaans
Tertiary Education
o Proposal for a single university in Cape Town with English as its medium of instruction
Victoria College protested
*Victoria College became the emblem of a+ ‘Vigorous, growing national life
for Afrikaners to express themselves. It stands for an idea’ – D F Malan
Jannie Marais was a catalyst and donated the £100 000 that would allow
Victoria College to become Stellenbosch University in 1918
5
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
Establishment of an Ethnic Party
National Party (NP) established in 1914
o Afrikaner intellectual class supported Hertzog
o Afrikaner workers
Ethnic mobilization was more difficult
Needed employment and economic relief
o Poor farmers
Had been estranged by Botha and Smuts who had supported large land owners
o The rural poor supported the NP after 1914
Attracted by the anti-capitalism and explicit racism
Strong policy towards blacks in order to solve labour problems
The Rebellion of 1914 – 1915
Influence of the Rebellion
o Established the NP as anti-imperialistic and anti-capitalistic
o Identification with the rebels
o Supported Helpmekaar
o Saw the growing support of the NP
Gained 15 new seats in the 1915 election
o Only the richer and older Afrikaners still supported Botha, Smuts and the South African Party
Nasionale Pers and Die Burger
Background
o Growing number of Afrikaner ethnic institutions
o Symbiosis of material and ethnic interests
o Afrikaner financial institutions
District banks
By 1900: District bank of Stellenbosch was the only survivor
Trust Companies
o Proto-nationalist establishment developed in Western Cape
Affluent farmers
Shareholders, directors of financial institutions
Professional men
Professors of Victoria College
Establishment of Nasionale Pers and De Burger
o December 1914: Pro-Hertzog Daily newspaper/pamphlet
Initiative was taken by Hendrik Bergh and Bruckner de Villiers
Jannie Marais bought 5000 £1 shares
26 July 1915: First issue
Contributed to making Afrikaans intellectually and socially acceptable
1922: De Burger became Die Burger
o 1916: De Huisgenoot (“The people’s university”)
Aimed to create well-informed citizens
1930: Circulation of 40 000
Portrayed Afrikaner history as a heroic period
Redefined everyday life in Afrikaans terms
Had a focus on women and the family
Women were depicted as the mothers and bearers of Afrikaner’s cultural
and nationalist aspirations
6
, History 144 Notes: Term 4
o 1917: Het Volksblad in Bloemfontein
o Landbou Weekblad (Farmers Weekly)
o Nasionale Boekhandel – publishing firm
Published 1000 books by 1940
Sold 3 274 581 copies
o Nasionale Pers (Naspers) is currently worth around R190 Billion making it the world’s largest
media group in emerging markets
Operating in 131 countries
Owns 1% of Facebook ($130 Billion); 35% of Tencent ($100 Billion); 35% of Abril
Owns 85% of the pay TV in South Africa (Multi Choice/DSTV)
Jan Marais National Funds: R1 Billon which equates to R20 million in annual interest
income
The Dutch-Reformed Church (NG Kerk)
Two social tendencies at the beginning of the 20 century
th
o Church and state politics began to intertwine
o Evangelical approach where the Church and state/politics were separate entities; the Church
was typically a-political
th
This was the dominant approach at the end of the 19
The 20 century Church became increasingly involved in ethnic politics
th
o Anglo-Boer War
Church criticized British policy towards Republics
o 1905: Dutch Reformed Churches in the colonies formed a federal structure
This was the first attempt to unite Afrikaners in South Africa
o Merriman’s observation on the role of the church
“I am more sure than ever that in their democratic church lies the salt of the
Afrikaner character. Many things they lack – imagination, education, energy – but
faith they certainly have and that keeps them strong and sound”
The Rebellion of 1914 – 1915
o United the Dutch Reformed Church behind the ethnic movement
o Rebels were not condemned
o Malan’s resolution
o The Church had a calling towards the Dutch-speaking society
The duty to be “national” and to support “national interests”
The coinciding of the Dutch Reformed Church and the National Party
o Preserved Afrikaners and their language as a unique community
Utilizing the Economy
The “First Economic Renaissance” of the Afrikaner
Helpmekaar Movement
o Result of the Rebellion of 1914 – 1915
11 472 Rebels
“the rebels took anything and everything from a horse to a needle”
o Claims of £300 000 in the Free State and £35 000 in the Transvaal
o Danger of indirect claims – potentially £750 000
o The idea of Helpmekaar originated in Bethlehem, Reitz, Lindley, etc.
o July 1917: £110 000 was still outstanding
7
