ANTH 311 - THIRD SECTION || 100% VERIFIED
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Lexigrams correct answers symbols that represent words
Kanzi, Pan Paniscus correct answers Can interact with lexigrams
To understand primate cognitive abilities and information processing what should we begin
with? correct answers Their communication
What is communication correct answers It is an exchange of information. There must be at
least one actor and one receiver in each ineraction
What are the four components of communication? correct answers 1. signal
2. motivation
3. meaning
4. function
What are signals? correct answers - They are observable action from the actor, this can
include vocalizations, facial expressions, body postures, movements, odours, etc
What is an example of signals in social climbers? correct answers Tongue flicking by female
tamarin to males
What is the goal of signals? correct answers to convey clear, unambiguous messages
Are signals complex or simple? correct answers They can be both. They can be simple when
they involve only one action/form (one vocalization). Or they can involve several
actions/forms.
What are complex signals? correct answers Usually male displays
What is an example of complex signals in chimps? correct answers Males displays with a
branch. Then two males display in parallel.
Are signals universal? correct answers Yes, some signals are universal but other signals
might require learning to acquire their proper use
What is an example of a learned signal? correct answers Some species learn the alarm calls of
other species
Ontogeny correct answers Infant vervet monkeys do not respond appropriately to alarm calls
until they have had repeated opportunities to learn their cues from more experienced adults.
They also give alarm calls to both harmless and predatory birds.
What is the difference between infant and adult veret monkey calls in response to sightings of
birds of prey and non-raptors) correct answers infants have 24 calls
adults have 55 calls
,Birds of prey correct answers raptors
Non-raptors correct answers Gould and Gould
What is motivation? correct answers - It is internal state of the actor
- Usually inferred and based on what the actor does prior and subsequent to giving the signal.
What is meaning? correct answers - What message is received by the recipient of the signal.
We have to infer the meaning.
What are two ways to infer the meaning of a message? correct answers 1. Determined by the
reaction of the recipient(s)
2. Inferred from the context of the situation
What is an example of meaning? correct answers responses to different vervet alarm calls
What are the three distinct Vervet responses to three different alarm calls correct answers 1.
Snake call
- response stand on hind legs and peer into the grass
2. Bird of prey call
- Response look at the sky and head for thick bushes
3. Leopard call
- If vervets are on the ground, they climb to the terminal branches of nearby trees
Inferred meaning definition correct answers Vervet Vocalizations in Social Situations (the
playback experiments of Cheney and Seyfarth)
what are playback experiments of Cheney and Seyfarth in Vervet monkeys? correct answers
They are played to individuals/group and responses are observed and this suggest that vervets
recognize individuals and relationships based on vocalizations
What is an example of how vervets might recognize individuals and relationships based on
vocalizations? correct answers Playback experiments of infant distress calls elicits different
responses in the listener, based on weather the listener is subordinate or dominant to the
infant's mother
Are calls like words? correct answers Maybe, there are two sides to this argument
1. Intentional information sharing
- In some cases, there is a link between the type of call and an object (predator) and these
calls have a specific structure which suggests that call are referential.
2. Involuntary Information Sharing
- Maybe they are just the correct reactions to startling sounds/events?Or the caller's
excitement/arousal to an event, such as in the case of food calls.
Sonogram correct answers A visual representation of sound
referential correct answers representation of an object or concept by a symbol that is
understood to be associated with that object or concept
, What is function? correct answers - What is the adaptive value of the signal to the act and/or
the recipient
Why did the signal evolve? correct answers Once again we have to infer why the signal may
have evolved
What is an example of a function? correct answers We have discovered that Tarsiers use
ultrasonic vocalizations. They are among the few mammals known to use ultrasonic
vocalizations. Ultrasonic refers to the sound waves outside of the range humans can hear.
Ironically, primatologists thought tarsiers were silent creatures. But they are not silent, they
are actually screaming and we had no idea.
What are some ideas of why ultrasonic vocalizations/abilities evolved among tarsiers? correct
answers 1. So they can communicate with each other, so their predators cannot hear them
2. Listen in on their insect prey which use ultrasonic vocalizations
3. Preliminary research: Echoloation?
- this is the process of emitting sound waves and listening to the echoes produced when
waves bounce off nearby objects. Tarsiers gave more ultrasonic calls while moving compared
to when they were resting, foraging or socializing. They also used special 'trills' when they
jumped.
What are some modes of communication? correct answers Olfactory, visual, auditory/vocal
and tactile
Do primates have complex communicative abilities? correct answers Yes, they give us a
window into their complex cognitive abilities and intelligence.
What is intelligence? correct answers This is a controversy because it is based on a common,
usually undefined perception. Which refers to human intelligence. the word intelligence
comes from the Latin word Interlegere basically meaning to choose between. It implies
recognition of two or more different, sometimes conflicting, circumstances - an assessment of
the situation and the necessity of a decision in favour of an assessed future behaviour that is
beneficial
What are some of the most important qualities of intelligence? correct answers 1. The ability
of an individual to choose between different possibilities
What does the definition of intelligence tell us it requires? correct answers 1. OBSERVING
- We observe something taking place, we observe possibilities in our environment
2. CHOOSING
- We have to choose between two or more possibilities wisely as we have spoken about the
context of natural selection
3. ACTING
- then we have to act
'To chose between' and Plant Intelligence correct answers - The old paradigm = plants are
passive entities
- The new paradigm = plants are dynamic and highly sensitive organisms. They are actively
foraging for limited resources. They accurately compute their circumstances, use
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Lexigrams correct answers symbols that represent words
Kanzi, Pan Paniscus correct answers Can interact with lexigrams
To understand primate cognitive abilities and information processing what should we begin
with? correct answers Their communication
What is communication correct answers It is an exchange of information. There must be at
least one actor and one receiver in each ineraction
What are the four components of communication? correct answers 1. signal
2. motivation
3. meaning
4. function
What are signals? correct answers - They are observable action from the actor, this can
include vocalizations, facial expressions, body postures, movements, odours, etc
What is an example of signals in social climbers? correct answers Tongue flicking by female
tamarin to males
What is the goal of signals? correct answers to convey clear, unambiguous messages
Are signals complex or simple? correct answers They can be both. They can be simple when
they involve only one action/form (one vocalization). Or they can involve several
actions/forms.
What are complex signals? correct answers Usually male displays
What is an example of complex signals in chimps? correct answers Males displays with a
branch. Then two males display in parallel.
Are signals universal? correct answers Yes, some signals are universal but other signals
might require learning to acquire their proper use
What is an example of a learned signal? correct answers Some species learn the alarm calls of
other species
Ontogeny correct answers Infant vervet monkeys do not respond appropriately to alarm calls
until they have had repeated opportunities to learn their cues from more experienced adults.
They also give alarm calls to both harmless and predatory birds.
What is the difference between infant and adult veret monkey calls in response to sightings of
birds of prey and non-raptors) correct answers infants have 24 calls
adults have 55 calls
,Birds of prey correct answers raptors
Non-raptors correct answers Gould and Gould
What is motivation? correct answers - It is internal state of the actor
- Usually inferred and based on what the actor does prior and subsequent to giving the signal.
What is meaning? correct answers - What message is received by the recipient of the signal.
We have to infer the meaning.
What are two ways to infer the meaning of a message? correct answers 1. Determined by the
reaction of the recipient(s)
2. Inferred from the context of the situation
What is an example of meaning? correct answers responses to different vervet alarm calls
What are the three distinct Vervet responses to three different alarm calls correct answers 1.
Snake call
- response stand on hind legs and peer into the grass
2. Bird of prey call
- Response look at the sky and head for thick bushes
3. Leopard call
- If vervets are on the ground, they climb to the terminal branches of nearby trees
Inferred meaning definition correct answers Vervet Vocalizations in Social Situations (the
playback experiments of Cheney and Seyfarth)
what are playback experiments of Cheney and Seyfarth in Vervet monkeys? correct answers
They are played to individuals/group and responses are observed and this suggest that vervets
recognize individuals and relationships based on vocalizations
What is an example of how vervets might recognize individuals and relationships based on
vocalizations? correct answers Playback experiments of infant distress calls elicits different
responses in the listener, based on weather the listener is subordinate or dominant to the
infant's mother
Are calls like words? correct answers Maybe, there are two sides to this argument
1. Intentional information sharing
- In some cases, there is a link between the type of call and an object (predator) and these
calls have a specific structure which suggests that call are referential.
2. Involuntary Information Sharing
- Maybe they are just the correct reactions to startling sounds/events?Or the caller's
excitement/arousal to an event, such as in the case of food calls.
Sonogram correct answers A visual representation of sound
referential correct answers representation of an object or concept by a symbol that is
understood to be associated with that object or concept
, What is function? correct answers - What is the adaptive value of the signal to the act and/or
the recipient
Why did the signal evolve? correct answers Once again we have to infer why the signal may
have evolved
What is an example of a function? correct answers We have discovered that Tarsiers use
ultrasonic vocalizations. They are among the few mammals known to use ultrasonic
vocalizations. Ultrasonic refers to the sound waves outside of the range humans can hear.
Ironically, primatologists thought tarsiers were silent creatures. But they are not silent, they
are actually screaming and we had no idea.
What are some ideas of why ultrasonic vocalizations/abilities evolved among tarsiers? correct
answers 1. So they can communicate with each other, so their predators cannot hear them
2. Listen in on their insect prey which use ultrasonic vocalizations
3. Preliminary research: Echoloation?
- this is the process of emitting sound waves and listening to the echoes produced when
waves bounce off nearby objects. Tarsiers gave more ultrasonic calls while moving compared
to when they were resting, foraging or socializing. They also used special 'trills' when they
jumped.
What are some modes of communication? correct answers Olfactory, visual, auditory/vocal
and tactile
Do primates have complex communicative abilities? correct answers Yes, they give us a
window into their complex cognitive abilities and intelligence.
What is intelligence? correct answers This is a controversy because it is based on a common,
usually undefined perception. Which refers to human intelligence. the word intelligence
comes from the Latin word Interlegere basically meaning to choose between. It implies
recognition of two or more different, sometimes conflicting, circumstances - an assessment of
the situation and the necessity of a decision in favour of an assessed future behaviour that is
beneficial
What are some of the most important qualities of intelligence? correct answers 1. The ability
of an individual to choose between different possibilities
What does the definition of intelligence tell us it requires? correct answers 1. OBSERVING
- We observe something taking place, we observe possibilities in our environment
2. CHOOSING
- We have to choose between two or more possibilities wisely as we have spoken about the
context of natural selection
3. ACTING
- then we have to act
'To chose between' and Plant Intelligence correct answers - The old paradigm = plants are
passive entities
- The new paradigm = plants are dynamic and highly sensitive organisms. They are actively
foraging for limited resources. They accurately compute their circumstances, use
