FINAL WEEK 8: EPIDEMIOLOGY
QUESTIONS AND CORRECTS
ANSWERS
epidemiology - ans- 10 10
_______________ is the study of the distribution and determinants of health- 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
of diseases and other health problems
10 10 10 10 10
epi - ans-upon 10 10
demos - ans-people 10 10
logos - ans-thought 10 10
Descriptive epidemiology - ans- 10 10 10
§ Or patterns of health events in populations in order to characterize health outcomes in ter
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
ms of what, who, where, when, how and why: What is the outcome? Who is affected?
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Where are they? When do events occur? This focus isà descriptive epidemiology
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
person, place, time - ans-Descriptive epidemiology looks at ______, _______, and ______
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
person - ans- 10 10
Descriptive epidemiology: o Gender, age, race, education, occupation, socioeconomic sta
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
tus, marital status 10 10
place - ans-Descriptive epidemiology:
10 10 10
o Chemical, physical, biological environment or population densities or behavioral/lifestyle
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time - ans-Descriptive epidemiology:
10 10 10
o Long term trends, point epidemic, cyclical patterns, event-related clusters
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
analytic epidemiology - ans- 10 10 10
§ Reference to the goal of understanding the etiology (or origins and causal factors) of dise
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
ase; the broad consideration of many levels of potential determinants if called the ecologic
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
al approach 10
§ Search for
10 10
· Cause and effects
10 10 10
· Why and how
10 10 10
, · Epidemiologists use analytic epidemiology to quantify the association between exposure
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
s and outcomes and to test hypotheses about casual relationships
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
o Observational studies, cohort, case control, cross sectional
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
analytic - ans-__________ epidemiology looks at descriptive comparisons
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
descriptive - ans-__________ epidemiology sheds light on determinants 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
hippocrates - ans- 10 10
§ On airs, waters, and places, suggests environmental and host factors such as behaviors
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
might influence the development of disease
10 10 10 10 10
john snow - ans-§ Father of Epidemiology, cholera epidemic
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Florence Nightingale - ans-§ Statistician, social reformer and founder of modern nursing
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
§ Improved outcomes for soldiers
10 10 10 10
Lillian Wald - ans-§ New York, TB 10 10 10 10 10 10
agent, host, environment - ans- 10 10 10 10
What are the three components of the epidemiological triangle?
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
agent - ans- 10 10
· Agent originally referred to an infectious agent: a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other micro
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
be. Generally, the agent must be present for disease to occur; however, presence of that a
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
gent alone is not always sufficient to cause disease.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
· A variety of factors influence whether exposure to an organism will result in disease, inclu
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
ding the organism's pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) and dose.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
· Over time, the concept of agent has been broadened to include chemical and physical ca
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
uses of disease or injury.
10 10 10 10
Environment - ans- 10 10
· Environment refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposu
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
re.
· Environmental factors include:
10 10 10 10
o Physical factors: geology and climate,
10 10 10 10 10 10
o Plant and animal life: agents, reservoirs or habitats
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
o Human population distribution: crowding, social supports
10 10 10 10 10 10
o Socioeconomic factors: resources, education, access to care
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Working conditions: noise, stress, satisfaction 10 10 10 10
host - ans-· A variety of factors intrinsic to the host,
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
· sometimes called risk factors, can influence an individual's exposure, susceptibility, or re
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
sponse to a causative agent 10 10 10 10
QUESTIONS AND CORRECTS
ANSWERS
epidemiology - ans- 10 10
_______________ is the study of the distribution and determinants of health- 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
of diseases and other health problems
10 10 10 10 10
epi - ans-upon 10 10
demos - ans-people 10 10
logos - ans-thought 10 10
Descriptive epidemiology - ans- 10 10 10
§ Or patterns of health events in populations in order to characterize health outcomes in ter
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
ms of what, who, where, when, how and why: What is the outcome? Who is affected?
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Where are they? When do events occur? This focus isà descriptive epidemiology
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
person, place, time - ans-Descriptive epidemiology looks at ______, _______, and ______
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
person - ans- 10 10
Descriptive epidemiology: o Gender, age, race, education, occupation, socioeconomic sta
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
tus, marital status 10 10
place - ans-Descriptive epidemiology:
10 10 10
o Chemical, physical, biological environment or population densities or behavioral/lifestyle
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time - ans-Descriptive epidemiology:
10 10 10
o Long term trends, point epidemic, cyclical patterns, event-related clusters
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
analytic epidemiology - ans- 10 10 10
§ Reference to the goal of understanding the etiology (or origins and causal factors) of dise
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
ase; the broad consideration of many levels of potential determinants if called the ecologic
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
al approach 10
§ Search for
10 10
· Cause and effects
10 10 10
· Why and how
10 10 10
, · Epidemiologists use analytic epidemiology to quantify the association between exposure
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
s and outcomes and to test hypotheses about casual relationships
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
o Observational studies, cohort, case control, cross sectional
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
analytic - ans-__________ epidemiology looks at descriptive comparisons
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
descriptive - ans-__________ epidemiology sheds light on determinants 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
hippocrates - ans- 10 10
§ On airs, waters, and places, suggests environmental and host factors such as behaviors
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
might influence the development of disease
10 10 10 10 10
john snow - ans-§ Father of Epidemiology, cholera epidemic
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Florence Nightingale - ans-§ Statistician, social reformer and founder of modern nursing
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
§ Improved outcomes for soldiers
10 10 10 10
Lillian Wald - ans-§ New York, TB 10 10 10 10 10 10
agent, host, environment - ans- 10 10 10 10
What are the three components of the epidemiological triangle?
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
agent - ans- 10 10
· Agent originally referred to an infectious agent: a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other micro
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
be. Generally, the agent must be present for disease to occur; however, presence of that a
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
gent alone is not always sufficient to cause disease.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
· A variety of factors influence whether exposure to an organism will result in disease, inclu
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
ding the organism's pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) and dose.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
· Over time, the concept of agent has been broadened to include chemical and physical ca
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
uses of disease or injury.
10 10 10 10
Environment - ans- 10 10
· Environment refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposu
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
re.
· Environmental factors include:
10 10 10 10
o Physical factors: geology and climate,
10 10 10 10 10 10
o Plant and animal life: agents, reservoirs or habitats
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
o Human population distribution: crowding, social supports
10 10 10 10 10 10
o Socioeconomic factors: resources, education, access to care
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Working conditions: noise, stress, satisfaction 10 10 10 10
host - ans-· A variety of factors intrinsic to the host,
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
· sometimes called risk factors, can influence an individual's exposure, susceptibility, or re
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
sponse to a causative agent 10 10 10 10
