Biology End of Course Exam Study Guide 2025
Protein Synthesis - correct answer The process by which proteins are produced from amino
acids based on the genetic instructions carried by mRNA.
Transcription - correct answer The process of copying a segment of DNA into mRNA.
Translation - correct answer The process of converting the sequence of mRNA into a sequence
of amino acids to form a protein.
Codon - correct answer A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular
amino acid.
Adenine - correct answer A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, pairing with thymine in
DNA and uracil in RNA.
Amino Acid - correct answer The building blocks of proteins, each coded for by a specific codon.
Anticodon - correct answer A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with a
complementary codon in mRNA.
Chromosome - correct answer A structure composed of DNA and proteins that contains genetic
information.
Cytoplasm - correct answer The gel-like substance within a cell, excluding the nucleus, where
cellular processes occur.
Cytosine - correct answer A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, pairing with guanine.
Deoxyribose - correct answer The sugar component of DNA nucleotides.
Differentiation - correct answer The process by which cells become specialized in structure and
function.
DNA - correct answer Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.
Double Helix - correct answer The twisted ladder shape of DNA, formed by two strands of
nucleotides.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer An organelle involved in the modification and
transport of proteins; can be smooth or rough.
Golgi Apparatus - correct answer An organelle that packages proteins for transport out of the
cell.
mRNA - correct answer Messenger RNA, the type of RNA that carries genetic information from
DNA to the ribosome.
, Mutation - correct answer A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in protein
structure and function.
Nucleus - correct answer The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic
material.
Peptide Bond - correct answer The bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.
Polypeptide - correct answer A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that forms a
protein.
Mitosis - correct answer The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Cell Cycle - correct answer The series of phases that a cell goes through to divide and produce
new cells.
Photosynthesis - correct answer The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical
energy in the form of glucose.
ADP - correct answer adenosine diphosphate
ATP - correct answer adenosine triphosphate
Calvin cycle - correct answer A series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide - correct answer A colorless gas produced by respiration and combustion.
carbon fixation - correct answer The process of converting inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic
compounds.
chlorophyll - correct answer The green pigment in plants that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
chloroplasts - correct answer Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
glucose - correct answer A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms.
input - correct answer The substances that enter a system or process.
light-dependent - correct answer Reactions in photosynthesis that require light to occur.
amino acids - correct answer The monomers of proteins.
cellular respiration - correct answer The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into
energy.
fermentation - correct answer An anaerobic process that converts glucose into energy without
oxygen.
glycolysis - correct answer The first step in cellular respiration that breaks down glucose.
Protein Synthesis - correct answer The process by which proteins are produced from amino
acids based on the genetic instructions carried by mRNA.
Transcription - correct answer The process of copying a segment of DNA into mRNA.
Translation - correct answer The process of converting the sequence of mRNA into a sequence
of amino acids to form a protein.
Codon - correct answer A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular
amino acid.
Adenine - correct answer A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, pairing with thymine in
DNA and uracil in RNA.
Amino Acid - correct answer The building blocks of proteins, each coded for by a specific codon.
Anticodon - correct answer A sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that pairs with a
complementary codon in mRNA.
Chromosome - correct answer A structure composed of DNA and proteins that contains genetic
information.
Cytoplasm - correct answer The gel-like substance within a cell, excluding the nucleus, where
cellular processes occur.
Cytosine - correct answer A nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA, pairing with guanine.
Deoxyribose - correct answer The sugar component of DNA nucleotides.
Differentiation - correct answer The process by which cells become specialized in structure and
function.
DNA - correct answer Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.
Double Helix - correct answer The twisted ladder shape of DNA, formed by two strands of
nucleotides.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct answer An organelle involved in the modification and
transport of proteins; can be smooth or rough.
Golgi Apparatus - correct answer An organelle that packages proteins for transport out of the
cell.
mRNA - correct answer Messenger RNA, the type of RNA that carries genetic information from
DNA to the ribosome.
, Mutation - correct answer A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in protein
structure and function.
Nucleus - correct answer The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic
material.
Peptide Bond - correct answer The bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.
Polypeptide - correct answer A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that forms a
protein.
Mitosis - correct answer The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Cell Cycle - correct answer The series of phases that a cell goes through to divide and produce
new cells.
Photosynthesis - correct answer The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical
energy in the form of glucose.
ADP - correct answer adenosine diphosphate
ATP - correct answer adenosine triphosphate
Calvin cycle - correct answer A series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide - correct answer A colorless gas produced by respiration and combustion.
carbon fixation - correct answer The process of converting inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic
compounds.
chlorophyll - correct answer The green pigment in plants that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
chloroplasts - correct answer Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
glucose - correct answer A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms.
input - correct answer The substances that enter a system or process.
light-dependent - correct answer Reactions in photosynthesis that require light to occur.
amino acids - correct answer The monomers of proteins.
cellular respiration - correct answer The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into
energy.
fermentation - correct answer An anaerobic process that converts glucose into energy without
oxygen.
glycolysis - correct answer The first step in cellular respiration that breaks down glucose.
