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USMLE Step 1 Biochemistry - Nutrition | Vitamin Functions, Pathways & Clinical Correlates | High-Yield Study Notes 2025.

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This detailed summary covers the essential biochemistry and nutrition content for USMLE Step 1, with a focus on fat- and water-soluble vitamins, their biochemical roles, clinical significance, and deficiency syndromes. It includes mnemonics, metabolic pathway connections, and disease associations like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, pellagra, and Hartnup disease. Special emphasis is placed on cofactor functions, energy production, and vitamin-dependent enzymes, making it ideal for rapid review or deep concept reinforcement.

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Course: USMLE Step 1

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Uploaded on: June 14, 2025
Number of pages: 16
Written in: 2024/2025
Type: Exam (elaborations)
Contains: Questions & answers

Subjects

fat soluble vitamins water soluble vitamins vitami
vitamin deficiencies vitamin a toxicity wernicke
wernicke korsakoff syndrome pellagra
niacin metabolism thiamine function
biochemistry enzymes usmle

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,USMLE Step 1 Biochemistry - Nutrition |
Vitamin Functions, Pathways & Clinical
Correlates | High-Yield Study Notes 2025.
Fat soluble vitamins?

A
D
E
K

Water soluble vitamins?

B1 (Thiamine, TPP)
B2 (Riboflavin, FAD)
B3 (Niacin, NAD)
B5 (Pantothenic acid, CoA)
B6 (Pyridoxine, PLP)
B12 (Cobalamin)
C (ascorbate)
Biotin (B7)
Folate (B9)

What water soluble vitamins do not wash out easily from the body?

B12
Folate
Stored in liver

B-complex deficiencies: result in what?

Dermatitis
Glossitis
Diarrhea

B1: aka

Thiamine, Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

B2: aka

Riboflavin
FAD, FMN

B3: aka

, Niacin
NAD⁺

B5: aka

Pantothenic acid
CoA

B6: aka

Pyridoxine
PLP

B7: aka

Biotin

B9: aka

folate

B12: aka

Cobalamin,
Cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase and Methylmaloneyl-CoA mutase

Vitamin A: used to treat what diseases?

-AML type M3 t(15;17) = Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia - all-trans retinoic acid.
-Measles

Severe cystic acne - oral isotretinoin.

Vitamin A: function?

1) Antioxidant
2) Visual pigments (retinal)
3) Essential for differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue
4) Prevents squamous metaplasia
5) Used to treat measles and AML M3

Vitamin A: aka

Retinol (carotene)

Vitamin A: deficiency? Cause?

Night blindness (nyctalopia),
Dry skin (xerosis cutis),
Alopecia,
Corneal degeneration (keratomalaxia),
Immune suppression,

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