CRAT EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025/2026 RATED A+
Chronotropic - CORRECT ANSWER -heart rate
Inotropic - CORRECT ANSWER -force of myocardial contractility
Dromotropic - CORRECT ANSWER -conduction velocity through the AV node
Systole - CORRECT ANSWER -contraction of chamber, blood is being ejected. Pressure rises
during systole.
Diastole - CORRECT ANSWER -rest, relaxation of chamber, chamber is allowed to fill. Pressure
falls during diastole.
Stroke Volume - CORRECT ANSWER -the amount of blood left ventricle pumps in each beat.
(mL/beat)
Cardiac output- definition - CORRECT ANSWER -The amount of blood pumped into the aorta
each minute. (units= mL/min)
Cardiac output- equation - CORRECT ANSWER -(HR) X (Stroke Volume) Avg. healthy adult= 4-8
L/min
Venous return - CORRECT ANSWER -amount of blood flowing into the right heart from the
systemic ciruclation
, Blood Pressure- definition - CORRECT ANSWER -force exerted by the blood against the walls of
the arteries as the ventricles contract and relax
Blood pressure- equation - CORRECT ANSWER -(cardiac output) X (peripheral resistance) or you
could put it another way: (HR)(Stroke Volume)(Peripheral Resistance)
An increase in Potassium or decrease in Calcium cause the heart to be ____. - CORRECT
ANSWER -flaccid, limp, dilated, lower HR
Excess Calcium can cause the heart to be _____. - CORRECT ANSWER -spastic contractions.
Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, ______ ______ contributes an
additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling. - CORRECT ANSWER -atrial kick
The area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies is the: - CORRECT ANSWER -
Mediastinum
The inferior surface of the heart is formed by the - CORRECT ANSWER -Right and left ventricles
Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus - CORRECT
ANSWER -The right atrium
The right ventricle - CORRECT ANSWER -Pumps unoxygenated blood into the pulmonary
circulation
The _____ pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium, which is also the outer layer of the
heart wall called the _____. - CORRECT ANSWER -Visceral, epicardium
ANSWERS 2025/2026 RATED A+
Chronotropic - CORRECT ANSWER -heart rate
Inotropic - CORRECT ANSWER -force of myocardial contractility
Dromotropic - CORRECT ANSWER -conduction velocity through the AV node
Systole - CORRECT ANSWER -contraction of chamber, blood is being ejected. Pressure rises
during systole.
Diastole - CORRECT ANSWER -rest, relaxation of chamber, chamber is allowed to fill. Pressure
falls during diastole.
Stroke Volume - CORRECT ANSWER -the amount of blood left ventricle pumps in each beat.
(mL/beat)
Cardiac output- definition - CORRECT ANSWER -The amount of blood pumped into the aorta
each minute. (units= mL/min)
Cardiac output- equation - CORRECT ANSWER -(HR) X (Stroke Volume) Avg. healthy adult= 4-8
L/min
Venous return - CORRECT ANSWER -amount of blood flowing into the right heart from the
systemic ciruclation
, Blood Pressure- definition - CORRECT ANSWER -force exerted by the blood against the walls of
the arteries as the ventricles contract and relax
Blood pressure- equation - CORRECT ANSWER -(cardiac output) X (peripheral resistance) or you
could put it another way: (HR)(Stroke Volume)(Peripheral Resistance)
An increase in Potassium or decrease in Calcium cause the heart to be ____. - CORRECT
ANSWER -flaccid, limp, dilated, lower HR
Excess Calcium can cause the heart to be _____. - CORRECT ANSWER -spastic contractions.
Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, ______ ______ contributes an
additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling. - CORRECT ANSWER -atrial kick
The area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies is the: - CORRECT ANSWER -
Mediastinum
The inferior surface of the heart is formed by the - CORRECT ANSWER -Right and left ventricles
Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus - CORRECT
ANSWER -The right atrium
The right ventricle - CORRECT ANSWER -Pumps unoxygenated blood into the pulmonary
circulation
The _____ pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium, which is also the outer layer of the
heart wall called the _____. - CORRECT ANSWER -Visceral, epicardium
