APC3703 MAY JUNE PORTFOLIO (COMPLETE ANSWERS) Semester 1 2025 - DUE 29 May 2025; 100% correct solutions and explanations.

APC3703 MAY JUNE PORTFOLIO (COMPLETE ANSWERS) Semester 1 2025 - DUE 29 May 2025; 100% correct solutions and explanations. 3. Critically compare and contrast the challenges faced by Ghana and Nigeria with respect to democratic consolidation since their return to democracy in 1992 and 1999 respectively. [50] Section B: North Africa 4. Algeria avoided the upheavals of the 2011 Arab Spring through a combination of clientelism, state-managed reforms, and military-backed repression. In contrast, the peaceful Hirak movement of 2019, which ultimately led to the removal of President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, emerged from a deep and long-standing systemic crisis that threatened Algeria’s social, political, and economic stability. Critically evaluate this ‘revolutionary situation’ that led to the peaceful ouster of Bouteflika, as articulated by Serres (2022, e-reserve). [50] CONFIDENTAL Page 3 of 3 APC3703 MAY/JUNE 2025 5. “Since 2013, the military and security-led regime has reinstated its control over society and citizens with an iron fist, curtailing freedom of information and banning freedom of expression” (Hamzawy 2022, e-reserve). With this in mind, critically discuss the eradication of democratic gains after the 2011 uprising and re-establishment of authoritarian rule and practices in post-2013 coup Egypt. [50] 6. Critically discuss the political reforms of former Algerian President Zéroul in the mid-1990s that sought to establish a working democratic system. Evaluate these reforms in light of the subsequent election of Bouteflika in 1999. [50]