AQA PHYSICS PAPER 1 EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Energy is transferred between stores - ANS Thermal, kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic
potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear
Energy is transferred... - ANS Mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (work done by
moving charges), by heating or by radiation (like light or sound)
When a system changes, energy is transferred - ANS It can be transferred into or away from
the system, between objects in the system or between different types of energy stores. Closed
systems are where neither matter nor energy can enter or leave. The net change in the total
energy of a closed system is always 0
kinetic energy - ANS energy of motion - the greater an object's mass and the faster it is
going, the more energy there will be in its kinetic energy store. Ek (j) = 1/2m(kg)v(m/s) squared
Raised objects store energy in gravitational potential energy stores - ANS lifting an object in a
gravitational field requires work, causing an energy transfer to the the GPE store of the object.
Ep(j) = m(kg)g(n/kg)h(m)
Falling objects transfer energy - ANS Falling objects transfer energy from its GPE store to its
kinetic energy store. When there's no air resistance, energy lost from the GPE store = energy
gained in the kinetic energy store
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,Stretching transfers energy to elastic potential energy stores - ANS As long as the limit of
proportionality has not been exceeded, Ee (j) = 1/2 k (N/m) e (m) squared
specific heat capacity - ANS the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by one degree Celsius. E (j) = m(kg) c(j/kgdegree) theta (degrees Celsius)
Conservation of energy principle - ANS Energy can be transferred but can never be created of
destroyed
Dissipated energy - ANS energy used up in a system, typically lost due to work done by
friction, 'wasted energy'
Phone energy - ANS When you use the phone, energy is usefully transferred from the
chemical energy store of the battery in the phone, but some of this energy is dissipated to
thermal energy
Closed system energy transfer - ANS A cold spoon is dropped into hot soup in an insulated
flask, which is then sealed. Energy is transferred from the thermal energy store of the soup to
the useless thermal energy of the spoon
Power - ANS The rate at which work is done (watts). P(w) = E(j) / t(s)
Powerful machine - ANS One which transfers a lot of energy in a short space of time
Conduction occurs mainly in solids - ANS Conduction is the process where vibrating particles
transfer energy to neighbouring particles.
Long definition of conduction - ANS Energy transferred to an object by heating is transferred
to the thermal store, which is shared across the kinetic store of the particles. The particles'
collisions cause energy to be transferred between particles kinetic energy stores.
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, thermal conductivity - ANS the Mrs sure of the rate at which thermal energy can travel
through a material
Convection occurs only in liquids and gases - ANS Convection is where energetic particles
move away from hotter to cooler regions
Convection longer definition - ANS Unlike in solids, the particles in liquids and gases are able
to move. When you heat a region of a gas/liquid, the particles move faster and the space
between particles increases. This causes the density of the region to decrease. Because they
can flow, the warmer and less dense region will rise above denser cooler regions. If there is a
constant heat source, a convection current will be made
Radiators - convection currents - ANS Energy is transferred from the radiator to nearby air
particles by conduction. The air by the radiator becomes warmer and less dense. This warm air
rises and is replaced by cooler air. At the same time, the previously heated air transfers energy
to the surrounding and cools, becomes denser, and sinks. This cycle repeats and causes a flow
of air to circulate around the room
How to reduce unwanted energy transfers - ANS Lubrication and thermal insulation
Lubrication reduces frictional forces - ANS When something moves, there's at least one
frictional force acting on it, causing some energy to be dissipated. For objects that are rubbed
together, lubricants reduce the fiction between the object's surfaces when moved. Lubricants
tend to be liquids (like oil) to flow easily between objects and coat them
Insulation reduces the rate of energy transfer by heating - ANS Things to do to prevent
energy loss through heating...
- have think walls made from low thermal conductivity material. This makes the rate of energy
transfer slower, so the building will cool more slowly.
- use thermal insulation
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Energy is transferred between stores - ANS Thermal, kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic
potential, chemical, magnetic, electrostatic, nuclear
Energy is transferred... - ANS Mechanically (by a force doing work), electrically (work done by
moving charges), by heating or by radiation (like light or sound)
When a system changes, energy is transferred - ANS It can be transferred into or away from
the system, between objects in the system or between different types of energy stores. Closed
systems are where neither matter nor energy can enter or leave. The net change in the total
energy of a closed system is always 0
kinetic energy - ANS energy of motion - the greater an object's mass and the faster it is
going, the more energy there will be in its kinetic energy store. Ek (j) = 1/2m(kg)v(m/s) squared
Raised objects store energy in gravitational potential energy stores - ANS lifting an object in a
gravitational field requires work, causing an energy transfer to the the GPE store of the object.
Ep(j) = m(kg)g(n/kg)h(m)
Falling objects transfer energy - ANS Falling objects transfer energy from its GPE store to its
kinetic energy store. When there's no air resistance, energy lost from the GPE store = energy
gained in the kinetic energy store
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Stretching transfers energy to elastic potential energy stores - ANS As long as the limit of
proportionality has not been exceeded, Ee (j) = 1/2 k (N/m) e (m) squared
specific heat capacity - ANS the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by one degree Celsius. E (j) = m(kg) c(j/kgdegree) theta (degrees Celsius)
Conservation of energy principle - ANS Energy can be transferred but can never be created of
destroyed
Dissipated energy - ANS energy used up in a system, typically lost due to work done by
friction, 'wasted energy'
Phone energy - ANS When you use the phone, energy is usefully transferred from the
chemical energy store of the battery in the phone, but some of this energy is dissipated to
thermal energy
Closed system energy transfer - ANS A cold spoon is dropped into hot soup in an insulated
flask, which is then sealed. Energy is transferred from the thermal energy store of the soup to
the useless thermal energy of the spoon
Power - ANS The rate at which work is done (watts). P(w) = E(j) / t(s)
Powerful machine - ANS One which transfers a lot of energy in a short space of time
Conduction occurs mainly in solids - ANS Conduction is the process where vibrating particles
transfer energy to neighbouring particles.
Long definition of conduction - ANS Energy transferred to an object by heating is transferred
to the thermal store, which is shared across the kinetic store of the particles. The particles'
collisions cause energy to be transferred between particles kinetic energy stores.
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, thermal conductivity - ANS the Mrs sure of the rate at which thermal energy can travel
through a material
Convection occurs only in liquids and gases - ANS Convection is where energetic particles
move away from hotter to cooler regions
Convection longer definition - ANS Unlike in solids, the particles in liquids and gases are able
to move. When you heat a region of a gas/liquid, the particles move faster and the space
between particles increases. This causes the density of the region to decrease. Because they
can flow, the warmer and less dense region will rise above denser cooler regions. If there is a
constant heat source, a convection current will be made
Radiators - convection currents - ANS Energy is transferred from the radiator to nearby air
particles by conduction. The air by the radiator becomes warmer and less dense. This warm air
rises and is replaced by cooler air. At the same time, the previously heated air transfers energy
to the surrounding and cools, becomes denser, and sinks. This cycle repeats and causes a flow
of air to circulate around the room
How to reduce unwanted energy transfers - ANS Lubrication and thermal insulation
Lubrication reduces frictional forces - ANS When something moves, there's at least one
frictional force acting on it, causing some energy to be dissipated. For objects that are rubbed
together, lubricants reduce the fiction between the object's surfaces when moved. Lubricants
tend to be liquids (like oil) to flow easily between objects and coat them
Insulation reduces the rate of energy transfer by heating - ANS Things to do to prevent
energy loss through heating...
- have think walls made from low thermal conductivity material. This makes the rate of energy
transfer slower, so the building will cool more slowly.
- use thermal insulation
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
