Genes - correct answers - Basic units of inheritance composed of DNA.
Chromosomes - correct answers - Structures that contain genes.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA - correct answers - Adenine (A), Cytosine
(C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T). A pairs with T/U; C and G pair together.
DNA Replication - correct answers - Process based on complementary
base pairing, where a single strand serves as a template for a new strand.
DNA Polymerase - correct answers - The primary enzyme
involved in DNA replication that adds bases and performs
proofreading functions.
Transcription Factors - correct answers - Proteins that bind to DNA
sequences to regulate the timing and specificity of transcription.
Chromosome Pairs in Humans - correct answers - Humans have
23 pairs of chromosomes.
Downs Syndrome - correct answers - A chromosome abnormality
(Trisomy 21) characterized by mental retardation, low nasal bridge,
protruding tongue, and poor muscle tone.
Cri du Chat Syndrome - correct answers - A condition caused by a
missing gene (DNA deletion) resulting in low birth weight, mental
retardation, microcephaly, and a cat-like cry.
Pedigree Charts - correct answers - Tools used in genetics to analyze
modes of inheritance and summarize family relationships regarding
genetic diseases.
Gender Determination - correct answers - Determined by the presence
of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome; Y chromosome leads to males,
absence leads to females.
Multifactorial Diseases - correct answers - Diseases influenced by
multiple factors, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke,
diabetes, and some cancers.
GRADED
A+
,Criteria for Multifactorial Inheritance - correct answers - Includes higher
recurrence risk with more affected family members, more severe disease
in probands, and rapid decrease in risk with remote relatives.
Monozygotic Twins - correct answers - Identical twins formed from a
single embryo that divides into two.
Dizygotic Twins - correct answers - Fraternal twins resulting from double
ovulation and fertilization of two different eggs by different sperm.
Epigenetic Targeting - correct answers - Pharmaceutical strategies for
treating epigenetic abnormalities must be targeted to affected
genomic regions.
Prader-Willi Syndrome - correct answers - An imprinting disorder
characterized by short stature, hypotonia, and obesity due to a missing
gene.
Angelman Syndrome - correct answers - missing a gene- characterized
by severe mental retardation, seizures, and ataxia
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - correct answers - over expression of
gene- characterized by large size for gestational age, creases on earlobe,
and large tongue.
Genotype - correct answers - unique genetic makeup
Phenotype - correct answers - outward apparent physical and
biochemical attributes
Nucleotide - correct answers - consists of one deoxyribose molecule, 1
phosphate group, and 1 base
Aneuploid - correct answers - Somatic cells that don't have a
multiple of 23 chromosomes; usually the result of nondisjunction.
Monosomies - correct answers - cause more severe physical defects
than do trisomy's; illustrating the principle that the loss of chromosome
material has more severe consequences than the duplication of
chromosome material.
Autosomal dominant - correct answers - a pattern of inheritance in
which an affected individual has a copy of a mutant gene.
Probability in Genetics - correct answers - It is used in genetic
counseling.
GRADED
Neutrophils
A+ - correct answers - predominate in early inflammatory
response; they are first responders.
,Physical Defense - correct answers - protect against damage and
infection; composed of tightly associated epithelial cells including those
of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, and respiratory tracts.
Mechanical Defense - correct answers - "washing" the surfaces
(sloughing off of dead skin, vomiting, urination, coughing).
Biochemical barriers - correct answers - secrets substances meant to
trap or destroy microorganisms (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous
glands, and earwax).
Inflammatory Response - correct answers - rapid and nonspecific,
protective response to cellular injury from any cause; can occur only
in vascularized tissue.
Acute Inflammation - correct answers - Short duration, 8-10 days
from onset to healing; associated with fever, leukocytosis, and plasma
protein synthesis.
Chronic Inflammation - correct answers - can be a continuation of acute
inflammation that lasts 2 weeks or longer; can also occur as a distinct
process without much preceding acute inflammation.
Wound Healing Phase 1 - correct answers - Inflammation- includes
coagulation and the infiltration of cells that participate in wound healing,
including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages.
Wound Healing Phase 2 - correct answers - Proliferation and New Tissue
Formation (Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal; begins 3-4 days after
injury and continues for as long as 2 weeks.
Wound Healing Phase 3 - correct answers - Remodeling and Maturation-
phase for recovering normal tissue structure that can persist for years.
Neonates Inflammatory Response - correct answers - often have
transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil
chemotaxis and alternative complement activity.
Aging and Innate Immunity - correct answers - Aging alters the
tissue microenvironment and macrophage function with changes
in wound healing neoangiogenesis and fibrosis.
Adaptive Immunity - correct answers - the third line of defense in the
human body; consists of lymphocytes and serum proteins called
antibodies.
GRADED
Secondary
A+ Responder - correct answers - augments the initial
defenses against infection and provides long term security against re-
infection.
, B cells - correct answers - humeral can kill free floating pathogens.
T cells - correct answers - cell-mediated can kill pathogens hiding inside
cells.
Neonate immune response - correct answers - The human neonate
has a poorly developed immune response, particularly in the
production of IgG.
Maternal antibody protection - correct answers - The fetus and neonate
are protected in utero and during the first few post-natal months by
maternal antibody that was actively transported across the placenta.
Hypersensitivity reactions - correct answers - Allergy,
autoimmunity, and alloimmunity are collectively known as
hypersensitivity reactions.
Hypersensitivity Response I - correct answers - IgE mediated - primary
cause of common allergies. Binds with mast cells which release
histamine.
Histamine release effects - correct answers - Histamine release leads to
bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and immune
response.
Hypersensitivity Response II - correct answers - Tissue specific - wrong
blood type administered or hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Complement pathway activated.
Hypersensitivity Response III - correct answers - Immune complex
mediated.
Hypersensitivity Response IV - correct answers - Cell mediated - graft
rejection.
Causes of autoimmune diseases - correct answers - Autoimmune
disease can be caused by the exposure of a previously sequestered
antigen, the development of a neoantigen, the complications of
infectious disease, the emergence of a forbidden clone of lymphocytes,
or the consequence of ineffective peripheral tolerance.
Alloimmunity - correct answers - Alloimmunity is the immune systems
reaction against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same
species.
Examples of alloimmune disorders - correct answers - Transient neonatal
GRADED
disease,
A+ transplant rejection, transfusion reaction.
Causes of immune deficiency - correct answers - Immune deficiencies
are either congenital or acquired.
Primary immune deficiencies - correct answers - Caused by genetic
Chromosomes - correct answers - Structures that contain genes.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA - correct answers - Adenine (A), Cytosine
(C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T). A pairs with T/U; C and G pair together.
DNA Replication - correct answers - Process based on complementary
base pairing, where a single strand serves as a template for a new strand.
DNA Polymerase - correct answers - The primary enzyme
involved in DNA replication that adds bases and performs
proofreading functions.
Transcription Factors - correct answers - Proteins that bind to DNA
sequences to regulate the timing and specificity of transcription.
Chromosome Pairs in Humans - correct answers - Humans have
23 pairs of chromosomes.
Downs Syndrome - correct answers - A chromosome abnormality
(Trisomy 21) characterized by mental retardation, low nasal bridge,
protruding tongue, and poor muscle tone.
Cri du Chat Syndrome - correct answers - A condition caused by a
missing gene (DNA deletion) resulting in low birth weight, mental
retardation, microcephaly, and a cat-like cry.
Pedigree Charts - correct answers - Tools used in genetics to analyze
modes of inheritance and summarize family relationships regarding
genetic diseases.
Gender Determination - correct answers - Determined by the presence
of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome; Y chromosome leads to males,
absence leads to females.
Multifactorial Diseases - correct answers - Diseases influenced by
multiple factors, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke,
diabetes, and some cancers.
GRADED
A+
,Criteria for Multifactorial Inheritance - correct answers - Includes higher
recurrence risk with more affected family members, more severe disease
in probands, and rapid decrease in risk with remote relatives.
Monozygotic Twins - correct answers - Identical twins formed from a
single embryo that divides into two.
Dizygotic Twins - correct answers - Fraternal twins resulting from double
ovulation and fertilization of two different eggs by different sperm.
Epigenetic Targeting - correct answers - Pharmaceutical strategies for
treating epigenetic abnormalities must be targeted to affected
genomic regions.
Prader-Willi Syndrome - correct answers - An imprinting disorder
characterized by short stature, hypotonia, and obesity due to a missing
gene.
Angelman Syndrome - correct answers - missing a gene- characterized
by severe mental retardation, seizures, and ataxia
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome - correct answers - over expression of
gene- characterized by large size for gestational age, creases on earlobe,
and large tongue.
Genotype - correct answers - unique genetic makeup
Phenotype - correct answers - outward apparent physical and
biochemical attributes
Nucleotide - correct answers - consists of one deoxyribose molecule, 1
phosphate group, and 1 base
Aneuploid - correct answers - Somatic cells that don't have a
multiple of 23 chromosomes; usually the result of nondisjunction.
Monosomies - correct answers - cause more severe physical defects
than do trisomy's; illustrating the principle that the loss of chromosome
material has more severe consequences than the duplication of
chromosome material.
Autosomal dominant - correct answers - a pattern of inheritance in
which an affected individual has a copy of a mutant gene.
Probability in Genetics - correct answers - It is used in genetic
counseling.
GRADED
Neutrophils
A+ - correct answers - predominate in early inflammatory
response; they are first responders.
,Physical Defense - correct answers - protect against damage and
infection; composed of tightly associated epithelial cells including those
of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, and respiratory tracts.
Mechanical Defense - correct answers - "washing" the surfaces
(sloughing off of dead skin, vomiting, urination, coughing).
Biochemical barriers - correct answers - secrets substances meant to
trap or destroy microorganisms (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous
glands, and earwax).
Inflammatory Response - correct answers - rapid and nonspecific,
protective response to cellular injury from any cause; can occur only
in vascularized tissue.
Acute Inflammation - correct answers - Short duration, 8-10 days
from onset to healing; associated with fever, leukocytosis, and plasma
protein synthesis.
Chronic Inflammation - correct answers - can be a continuation of acute
inflammation that lasts 2 weeks or longer; can also occur as a distinct
process without much preceding acute inflammation.
Wound Healing Phase 1 - correct answers - Inflammation- includes
coagulation and the infiltration of cells that participate in wound healing,
including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages.
Wound Healing Phase 2 - correct answers - Proliferation and New Tissue
Formation (Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal; begins 3-4 days after
injury and continues for as long as 2 weeks.
Wound Healing Phase 3 - correct answers - Remodeling and Maturation-
phase for recovering normal tissue structure that can persist for years.
Neonates Inflammatory Response - correct answers - often have
transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil
chemotaxis and alternative complement activity.
Aging and Innate Immunity - correct answers - Aging alters the
tissue microenvironment and macrophage function with changes
in wound healing neoangiogenesis and fibrosis.
Adaptive Immunity - correct answers - the third line of defense in the
human body; consists of lymphocytes and serum proteins called
antibodies.
GRADED
Secondary
A+ Responder - correct answers - augments the initial
defenses against infection and provides long term security against re-
infection.
, B cells - correct answers - humeral can kill free floating pathogens.
T cells - correct answers - cell-mediated can kill pathogens hiding inside
cells.
Neonate immune response - correct answers - The human neonate
has a poorly developed immune response, particularly in the
production of IgG.
Maternal antibody protection - correct answers - The fetus and neonate
are protected in utero and during the first few post-natal months by
maternal antibody that was actively transported across the placenta.
Hypersensitivity reactions - correct answers - Allergy,
autoimmunity, and alloimmunity are collectively known as
hypersensitivity reactions.
Hypersensitivity Response I - correct answers - IgE mediated - primary
cause of common allergies. Binds with mast cells which release
histamine.
Histamine release effects - correct answers - Histamine release leads to
bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and immune
response.
Hypersensitivity Response II - correct answers - Tissue specific - wrong
blood type administered or hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Complement pathway activated.
Hypersensitivity Response III - correct answers - Immune complex
mediated.
Hypersensitivity Response IV - correct answers - Cell mediated - graft
rejection.
Causes of autoimmune diseases - correct answers - Autoimmune
disease can be caused by the exposure of a previously sequestered
antigen, the development of a neoantigen, the complications of
infectious disease, the emergence of a forbidden clone of lymphocytes,
or the consequence of ineffective peripheral tolerance.
Alloimmunity - correct answers - Alloimmunity is the immune systems
reaction against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same
species.
Examples of alloimmune disorders - correct answers - Transient neonatal
GRADED
disease,
A+ transplant rejection, transfusion reaction.
Causes of immune deficiency - correct answers - Immune deficiencies
are either congenital or acquired.
Primary immune deficiencies - correct answers - Caused by genetic
