NUR 641E Midterm Study Guide with Complete Solution
| 2025 Update
Prodrug - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>An inactive drug
dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by
various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>the rate at and
the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>stable
level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount
being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>The process
by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
,-what the body does to the drug
First pass - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>the fact that a
medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before
entering other organs
does not - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>bioequivalence
does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>relative
therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>-
chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>-enzymes
that function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds,
including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism
such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants,
antiepileptics, and statins.
, -the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with
certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with
omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme
metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>An
inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in
a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>An
inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting
in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>prodrug that must
be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals
who are poor metabolizers may not form the active
metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>how often
a drug is administered
4-5 - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>steady state is reached in _-
_ times the half-life
| 2025 Update
Prodrug - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>An inactive drug
dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by
various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>the rate at and
the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>stable
level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount
being eliminated from system
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>The process
by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
,-what the body does to the drug
First pass - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>the fact that a
medication in the GI tract passes through the liver before
entering other organs
does not - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>bioequivalence
does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>relative
therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>-
chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>-enzymes
that function to metabolize potentially toxic compounds,
including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism
such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants,
antiepileptics, and statins.
, -the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with
certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with
omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme
metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>An
inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in
a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>An
inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting
in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>prodrug that must
be activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals
who are poor metabolizers may not form the active
metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>how often
a drug is administered
4-5 - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>>steady state is reached in _-
_ times the half-life
