AP CHEMISTRY ALL UNITS REVIEW AND
SOLUTION GUIDE WITH CERTIFIED
CONTENT FOR 2025 2026.
🔘distillation - Answer: the process that separates the substances in a solution based on their
boiling points
🔘precipitation reaction - Answer: a reaction in which an insoluble substance (salt) forms and
separates from the solution
🔘net ionic equation - Answer: an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those
particles that are directly involved in the chemical change
🔘limiting reactant - Answer: the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form
in a chemical reaction; moles of each reactant divided by moles used in reaction
🔘gravimetric analysis - Answer: a type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of a
species in a material is determined by converting the species to a precipitate that can be
isolated completely and weighed
🔘empirical formula - Answer: simplest ratio of the molecules making up a compound
🔘molecular formula - Answer: actual formula for a substance
🔘coulombs law - Answer: the amount of energy that an electron has depends on its distance
from the nucleus of an atom; e=k(q1*q20)/r
🔘ionization energy - Answer: amount of energy necessary to remove electrons from an atom
(electromagnetic energy exceeds binding energy)
🔘shielding electrons - Answer: electrons between a valence electron and the nucleus that
decreases the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron
🔘periodic trend: left to right - Answer: periodic trend: atomic radius decreases; protons are
added to the nucleus so valence electrons are more strongly attracted
ionization energy increases (protons are added to the nucleus)
🔘periodic trend: down a group - Answer: periodic trend: atomic radius increases; shells of
electrons are added which shield the more distant shells and valence e- get farther away
, ionization energy decreases (shells of e- added, each inner shell shields more and reduces the
pull on valence e- so they are easier to remove)
🔘ionic bond - Answer: bond between metal and nonmetal; electrons are NOT shared: the
cation gives an e- up to the anion
🔘metallic bonding - Answer: bond between two metals; sea of electrons that make metals
such good conductors; delocalized structure allows for malleability and ductility
🔘interstitial alloy - Answer: metal atoms with vastly different radii combine; ex. steel
🔘substitutional alloy - Answer: metal atoms with similar radii combine; ex. brass
🔘covalent bonds - Answer: bond in which two atoms share electrons; each atom counts the
e- as a part of its valence shell
🔘single bonds - Answer: one sigma bond, one e- pair; longest bond, least energy
🔘double bonds - Answer: one sigma bond, one pi bond; two e- pairs
🔘triple bonds - Answer: one sigma bond, two pi bonds; 3 e- pairs; shortest bond, most
energy
🔘network covalent bonds - Answer: lattice of covalent bonds; network solid (acts similar to
one molecule); very hard, high melting/boiling points; poor conductors
🔘the common network solids - Answer: SiO2,
🔘doping - Answer: the addition of an impurity to an existing lattice
🔘p-doping - Answer: create a hole (positively charged) that draws electrons through the
substance (add a substance with one LESS valence e-) i.e. si + al
🔘n-doping - Answer: add a substance with one MORE valence e- which leaves a free e- to
travel freely
i.e. si + p
🔘polarity - Answer: exists when a molecule has a clustering of negative charge on one side
due to unequal sharing of electrons (e- are pulled to the more electronegative side); creates
dipoles in molecules
SOLUTION GUIDE WITH CERTIFIED
CONTENT FOR 2025 2026.
🔘distillation - Answer: the process that separates the substances in a solution based on their
boiling points
🔘precipitation reaction - Answer: a reaction in which an insoluble substance (salt) forms and
separates from the solution
🔘net ionic equation - Answer: an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those
particles that are directly involved in the chemical change
🔘limiting reactant - Answer: the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form
in a chemical reaction; moles of each reactant divided by moles used in reaction
🔘gravimetric analysis - Answer: a type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of a
species in a material is determined by converting the species to a precipitate that can be
isolated completely and weighed
🔘empirical formula - Answer: simplest ratio of the molecules making up a compound
🔘molecular formula - Answer: actual formula for a substance
🔘coulombs law - Answer: the amount of energy that an electron has depends on its distance
from the nucleus of an atom; e=k(q1*q20)/r
🔘ionization energy - Answer: amount of energy necessary to remove electrons from an atom
(electromagnetic energy exceeds binding energy)
🔘shielding electrons - Answer: electrons between a valence electron and the nucleus that
decreases the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron
🔘periodic trend: left to right - Answer: periodic trend: atomic radius decreases; protons are
added to the nucleus so valence electrons are more strongly attracted
ionization energy increases (protons are added to the nucleus)
🔘periodic trend: down a group - Answer: periodic trend: atomic radius increases; shells of
electrons are added which shield the more distant shells and valence e- get farther away
, ionization energy decreases (shells of e- added, each inner shell shields more and reduces the
pull on valence e- so they are easier to remove)
🔘ionic bond - Answer: bond between metal and nonmetal; electrons are NOT shared: the
cation gives an e- up to the anion
🔘metallic bonding - Answer: bond between two metals; sea of electrons that make metals
such good conductors; delocalized structure allows for malleability and ductility
🔘interstitial alloy - Answer: metal atoms with vastly different radii combine; ex. steel
🔘substitutional alloy - Answer: metal atoms with similar radii combine; ex. brass
🔘covalent bonds - Answer: bond in which two atoms share electrons; each atom counts the
e- as a part of its valence shell
🔘single bonds - Answer: one sigma bond, one e- pair; longest bond, least energy
🔘double bonds - Answer: one sigma bond, one pi bond; two e- pairs
🔘triple bonds - Answer: one sigma bond, two pi bonds; 3 e- pairs; shortest bond, most
energy
🔘network covalent bonds - Answer: lattice of covalent bonds; network solid (acts similar to
one molecule); very hard, high melting/boiling points; poor conductors
🔘the common network solids - Answer: SiO2,
🔘doping - Answer: the addition of an impurity to an existing lattice
🔘p-doping - Answer: create a hole (positively charged) that draws electrons through the
substance (add a substance with one LESS valence e-) i.e. si + al
🔘n-doping - Answer: add a substance with one MORE valence e- which leaves a free e- to
travel freely
i.e. si + p
🔘polarity - Answer: exists when a molecule has a clustering of negative charge on one side
due to unequal sharing of electrons (e- are pulled to the more electronegative side); creates
dipoles in molecules
