NR 545 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Which salivary gland secretes saliva through Stensen's ducts - ✔✔Parotid gland
✔✔What is epistaxis - ✔✔bleeding from the nose
✔✔what is diffusion - ✔✔The movement of particles from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration.
✔✔what is perfusion - ✔✔The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated
blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs; blood flow
✔✔what is ventilation - ✔✔movement of air into and out of the lungs
✔✔what is respiration - ✔✔the process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon
dioxide
✔✔What is glaucoma? - ✔✔A condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure
and progressive vision loss.
✔✔signs and symptoms of glaucoma - ✔✔- Open angle - gradual loss of vision with few
symptoms.
- Closed angle - sudden onset, HA, blurry vision, pain in the eye
✔✔treatment of glaucoma - ✔✔eye drops that increase rate of aqueous humor drainage
or decrease its production; laser therapy or surgery
✔✔what is cataracts - ✔✔clouding of the lens of the eye
✔✔signs and symptoms of cataracts - ✔✔blurring, diplopia, photophobia, cloudy lens
✔✔Treatment of cataracts - ✔✔surgical removal of the lens
✔✔what is a detached retina - ✔✔Separation of the retina from the choroid caused by
trauma, gain, diabetes or tumors
Patient will see flashes of light, floaters, dark curtain coming down,
confusion/apprehension
✔✔treatment of a detached retina - ✔✔surgical intervention, reattachment of retina
✔✔What is macular degeneration? - ✔✔a disease that progressively destroys the
macula, the central portion of the retina, impairing central vision.
, It appears to arise from a combination of genetic factors and environmental exposure
(eg, ultraviolet rays and drugs).
✔✔signs and symptoms of macular degeneration - ✔✔blurry vision, small blind spot in
central vision, see better in very bright environments
✔✔What is emphysema? "pink puffer" - ✔✔Tissues in lungs lose elasticity; tissues can't
enough O2 or get rid of enough CO2
✔✔signs and symptoms of emphysema - ✔✔barrel chest
pursed lip breathing, puffing
no chronic cough, or minimal
dyspnea on exertion
tripod breathing
hyper resonance when percussion
clubbing fingers
sa o2 <90%
✔✔treatment of emphysema - ✔✔Avoidance of respiratory irritants
Immunization against influenza and pneumonia
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Appropriate breathing techniques
Adequate nutrition and hydration
Improves energy levels, resistance to infection
Bronchodilators, antibiotics, oxygen therapy as condition advances
Lung reduction surgery
✔✔What is chronic bronchitis? "blue bloater" - ✔✔inflammation of the bronchi and
bronchioles due to chronic exposure to irritants and has excessive mucous
✔✔signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis - ✔✔(942) Excessive mucus production
with a productive cough, typically a heavy smoker, overweight, congested, blue
complexion, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, crackles and wheezes, peripheral edema right
sided edem, spo2 <90%
✔✔treatment for chronic bronchitis - ✔✔Cessation of smoking and reduction of
exposure to irritants
Treatment of infection
Vaccination for prophylaxis
Expectorants
Bronchodilators
Appropriate chest therapy
Including postural drainage and percussion
Low-flow oxygen
Nutritional supplements
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Which salivary gland secretes saliva through Stensen's ducts - ✔✔Parotid gland
✔✔What is epistaxis - ✔✔bleeding from the nose
✔✔what is diffusion - ✔✔The movement of particles from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration.
✔✔what is perfusion - ✔✔The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated
blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs; blood flow
✔✔what is ventilation - ✔✔movement of air into and out of the lungs
✔✔what is respiration - ✔✔the process of breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon
dioxide
✔✔What is glaucoma? - ✔✔A condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure
and progressive vision loss.
✔✔signs and symptoms of glaucoma - ✔✔- Open angle - gradual loss of vision with few
symptoms.
- Closed angle - sudden onset, HA, blurry vision, pain in the eye
✔✔treatment of glaucoma - ✔✔eye drops that increase rate of aqueous humor drainage
or decrease its production; laser therapy or surgery
✔✔what is cataracts - ✔✔clouding of the lens of the eye
✔✔signs and symptoms of cataracts - ✔✔blurring, diplopia, photophobia, cloudy lens
✔✔Treatment of cataracts - ✔✔surgical removal of the lens
✔✔what is a detached retina - ✔✔Separation of the retina from the choroid caused by
trauma, gain, diabetes or tumors
Patient will see flashes of light, floaters, dark curtain coming down,
confusion/apprehension
✔✔treatment of a detached retina - ✔✔surgical intervention, reattachment of retina
✔✔What is macular degeneration? - ✔✔a disease that progressively destroys the
macula, the central portion of the retina, impairing central vision.
, It appears to arise from a combination of genetic factors and environmental exposure
(eg, ultraviolet rays and drugs).
✔✔signs and symptoms of macular degeneration - ✔✔blurry vision, small blind spot in
central vision, see better in very bright environments
✔✔What is emphysema? "pink puffer" - ✔✔Tissues in lungs lose elasticity; tissues can't
enough O2 or get rid of enough CO2
✔✔signs and symptoms of emphysema - ✔✔barrel chest
pursed lip breathing, puffing
no chronic cough, or minimal
dyspnea on exertion
tripod breathing
hyper resonance when percussion
clubbing fingers
sa o2 <90%
✔✔treatment of emphysema - ✔✔Avoidance of respiratory irritants
Immunization against influenza and pneumonia
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Appropriate breathing techniques
Adequate nutrition and hydration
Improves energy levels, resistance to infection
Bronchodilators, antibiotics, oxygen therapy as condition advances
Lung reduction surgery
✔✔What is chronic bronchitis? "blue bloater" - ✔✔inflammation of the bronchi and
bronchioles due to chronic exposure to irritants and has excessive mucous
✔✔signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis - ✔✔(942) Excessive mucus production
with a productive cough, typically a heavy smoker, overweight, congested, blue
complexion, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, crackles and wheezes, peripheral edema right
sided edem, spo2 <90%
✔✔treatment for chronic bronchitis - ✔✔Cessation of smoking and reduction of
exposure to irritants
Treatment of infection
Vaccination for prophylaxis
Expectorants
Bronchodilators
Appropriate chest therapy
Including postural drainage and percussion
Low-flow oxygen
Nutritional supplements
