CLC EXAM 2025 LATEST UPDATE
Which milk is higher in calories - hand expressed milk or pumped milk? - ANSWER
Hand expressed milk
Define: Exclusive breastfeeding - ANSWER Infant receives only mother's milk as its
food source, from 0-6 months
What is the only absolute infant contraindication to breastfeeding? - ANSWER
galactosemia
Can infants with PKU breastfeed? - ANSWER Yes, but they need formula
supplementation
Define: Complementary feeding - ANSWER Receiving both human milk and
solids/semisolids. From 6-23 months
9 stages of the first hour after birth - ANSWER 1. Birth cry
2. Relaxation
3. Awakening
4. Activity
5. Rest (interspersed throughout)
6. Crawling
7. Familiarization
8. Suckling
9. Sleeping
Is crying an early or late feeding cute? - ANSWER Late
Clenched hands are a sign that baby... - ANSWER ... is hungry!
When is the fastest drop-off point when people stop breastfeeding? - ANSWER In the
first 10 days after discharge from hospital
What triggers oxytocin pathway to milk production? - ANSWER 1. Conditioned let-down
reflex (smell, touch, sound)
2. Nipple stretching
3. Baby hand massage
What are the two hormone pathways for milk production? - ANSWER Oxytocin and
Prolactin
How does fat, protein and water content affect the frequency of feedings between
different mammal species? - ANSWER High fat, high protein, low water = infrequent
feeds
, High water = more frequent feeds
When does Lactogenesis II start? - ANSWER complete delivery of the placenta
How does preterm milk differ from term milk? - ANSWER Generally higher in protein, fat
and electrolytes
How long does preterm milk production last? - ANSWER 5-7 weeks
Which has higher fat content: hindmilk or foremilk? - ANSWER Neither. Some say
hindmilk is highest in fat - but this is not supported by research and shouldn't be a part
of counseling
Which hormone(s) drive the production of colostrum and where do they come from? -
ANSWER Progesterone from the placenta
Which hormone(s) drive the production of transitional milk and where do they come
from? - ANSWER Progesterone - left from the placenta and is rapidly dropping
Prolactin - generally already circulating, not yet being released by nipple stimulation
Which hormone(s) drive the production of mature milk and where do they come from? -
ANSWER Prolactin - comes from nipple stimulation in feeding
What are the AAP's guidelines for weight loss? - ANSWER 1. No more weight loss by
day 5
2. Return to birth weight by day 14
3. >7% weight loss requires intervention
What criteria are associated with greater infant weight loss? - ANSWER 1. When labor
meds are used at non-baby-friendly hospitals
2. When more intrapartum fluids are given
3. No labor prior to c-section
What is breastfeeding-associated hypernatremia? - ANSWER High sodium in infants
who are not receiving enough breastmilk/inadequate breastfeeding (essentially
dehydration)
When does the AAP recommend a baby be evaluated after discharge from the hospital?
- ANSWER Within 48-72 hrs
Which milk is higher in calories - hand expressed milk or pumped milk? - ANSWER
Hand expressed milk
Define: Exclusive breastfeeding - ANSWER Infant receives only mother's milk as its
food source, from 0-6 months
What is the only absolute infant contraindication to breastfeeding? - ANSWER
galactosemia
Can infants with PKU breastfeed? - ANSWER Yes, but they need formula
supplementation
Define: Complementary feeding - ANSWER Receiving both human milk and
solids/semisolids. From 6-23 months
9 stages of the first hour after birth - ANSWER 1. Birth cry
2. Relaxation
3. Awakening
4. Activity
5. Rest (interspersed throughout)
6. Crawling
7. Familiarization
8. Suckling
9. Sleeping
Is crying an early or late feeding cute? - ANSWER Late
Clenched hands are a sign that baby... - ANSWER ... is hungry!
When is the fastest drop-off point when people stop breastfeeding? - ANSWER In the
first 10 days after discharge from hospital
What triggers oxytocin pathway to milk production? - ANSWER 1. Conditioned let-down
reflex (smell, touch, sound)
2. Nipple stretching
3. Baby hand massage
What are the two hormone pathways for milk production? - ANSWER Oxytocin and
Prolactin
How does fat, protein and water content affect the frequency of feedings between
different mammal species? - ANSWER High fat, high protein, low water = infrequent
feeds
, High water = more frequent feeds
When does Lactogenesis II start? - ANSWER complete delivery of the placenta
How does preterm milk differ from term milk? - ANSWER Generally higher in protein, fat
and electrolytes
How long does preterm milk production last? - ANSWER 5-7 weeks
Which has higher fat content: hindmilk or foremilk? - ANSWER Neither. Some say
hindmilk is highest in fat - but this is not supported by research and shouldn't be a part
of counseling
Which hormone(s) drive the production of colostrum and where do they come from? -
ANSWER Progesterone from the placenta
Which hormone(s) drive the production of transitional milk and where do they come
from? - ANSWER Progesterone - left from the placenta and is rapidly dropping
Prolactin - generally already circulating, not yet being released by nipple stimulation
Which hormone(s) drive the production of mature milk and where do they come from? -
ANSWER Prolactin - comes from nipple stimulation in feeding
What are the AAP's guidelines for weight loss? - ANSWER 1. No more weight loss by
day 5
2. Return to birth weight by day 14
3. >7% weight loss requires intervention
What criteria are associated with greater infant weight loss? - ANSWER 1. When labor
meds are used at non-baby-friendly hospitals
2. When more intrapartum fluids are given
3. No labor prior to c-section
What is breastfeeding-associated hypernatremia? - ANSWER High sodium in infants
who are not receiving enough breastmilk/inadequate breastfeeding (essentially
dehydration)
When does the AAP recommend a baby be evaluated after discharge from the hospital?
- ANSWER Within 48-72 hrs
