Contents:
3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
3.2 Alkanes
3.3 Halogenoalkanes
3.4 Alkenes
3.5 Alcohols
3.6 Organic Analysis
, Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Nomenclature definitions:
Empirical Formula – The simplest whole number of atoms of each element in a compound.
Molecular Formula – The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.
General Formula – The formula of which all members of a homologous series follow.
Structural Formula – Shows the structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule.
Displayed Formula – Shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound.
Skeletal Formula – Shows only the bonds and any non-carbons atoms in a compound.
Homologous Series – Series of chemically similar compounds that follow a general formula,
with each member differing from the next by CH2.
Isomerism:
Isomers – molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms
within the molecules. Two types are structural and stereoisomerism.
Structural Isomerism – same molecular formula but different structural arrangement; can be
straight or branched, types are positional and functional group.
Positional Isomerism – functional group of the molecule is in a different position of the
carbon chain.
Functional Group Isomerism – arrangement of the same molecular formula so that the
molecule has a different functional group.
Stereoisomerism – molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement
of atoms in space. Two types are E/Z isomerism and optical isomerism (Y13).
E/Z Isomerism:
• Limited rotation around a C=C bond means functional groups can either be together or
apart.
• E (Entgegen) isomer has functional groups on opposite sides.
• Z (Zusammen) has functional groups on the same side of the C=C bond.
• Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Priority Rules are followed to determine if the isomer is E or Z.
o Check to see if there is a C=C bond.
o Check to see if there are different atoms attached to each side of the C=C bond.
o The first atom which is directly bonded with C=C with higher Ar is given priority.
3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
3.2 Alkanes
3.3 Halogenoalkanes
3.4 Alkenes
3.5 Alcohols
3.6 Organic Analysis
, Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Nomenclature definitions:
Empirical Formula – The simplest whole number of atoms of each element in a compound.
Molecular Formula – The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.
General Formula – The formula of which all members of a homologous series follow.
Structural Formula – Shows the structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule.
Displayed Formula – Shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound.
Skeletal Formula – Shows only the bonds and any non-carbons atoms in a compound.
Homologous Series – Series of chemically similar compounds that follow a general formula,
with each member differing from the next by CH2.
Isomerism:
Isomers – molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms
within the molecules. Two types are structural and stereoisomerism.
Structural Isomerism – same molecular formula but different structural arrangement; can be
straight or branched, types are positional and functional group.
Positional Isomerism – functional group of the molecule is in a different position of the
carbon chain.
Functional Group Isomerism – arrangement of the same molecular formula so that the
molecule has a different functional group.
Stereoisomerism – molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement
of atoms in space. Two types are E/Z isomerism and optical isomerism (Y13).
E/Z Isomerism:
• Limited rotation around a C=C bond means functional groups can either be together or
apart.
• E (Entgegen) isomer has functional groups on opposite sides.
• Z (Zusammen) has functional groups on the same side of the C=C bond.
• Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Priority Rules are followed to determine if the isomer is E or Z.
o Check to see if there is a C=C bond.
o Check to see if there are different atoms attached to each side of the C=C bond.
o The first atom which is directly bonded with C=C with higher Ar is given priority.
