Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 3
spinal cord injuries correct answersCervical:
Quadriplegic Thoracic: Paraplegic w/ respiratory
issues
Lumbar: Paraplegic
Sacral: May have Caude Equine Syndrome
Abnormal Breath Sounds correct answersCrackles: "Snap" (Excess
fluid, CHF, Pneumonia)
Rhonchi: Bubbles/gurgling (Inhale & exhale, COPD, pneumonia, CF)
Wheezing: Shrill/whistle/coarse rattle (partial block, Allergies, COPD,
Bronchitis) Stridor: High pitched whistle (upper block/narrow)
Rales: Crackles
Hydrocephalitis correct answersCongenital: Increase CFS in skull. Flow
disruptions, CNS issues.
Big head, fast growing big head, bulging Fontelle's, Downward gaze
Spina Bifida correct answersCongenital: Neural tube defect, folate deficiency.
Vertebrae fuse, meninges and spinal ford herniate.
Occulta: Asymptomatic
Meningocele: Sac perfusion, lower back, no deficits.
Myelomeningocele: SERIOUS, neuro (paralysis) & Bowel
(incontinence)
Cerebral Palsy correct answersCongenital: Linked to hypoxia. Poor
muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic
deficiencies
Meningitis correct answersInfectious: inflammation of the meninges, by
a bacterial infection
Affects growth, movement, cognition. Drool, grimaces, bulging Fontelle's,
opisthotonos, photophobia, poor sucking
Encephalitis correct answersInfectious: Inflammation of spinal cord
and brain, by bacteria or virus
infection symptoms, LOC, cerebral edema, bulging fontelles,
hallucinations, paranoia, paralysis
Trigeminal neuralgia correct answersOver reaction of cranial nerve 5,
extreme pain, suicide disease
Bells Palsy correct answersTemporary, sudden weakness of half of the
face
, Post-Polio Syndrome correct answers30+ years after having polio.
Atrophy, pain, dysphagia, cold intolerance
Hepatic Encephalopathy correct answersimpaired ammonia metabolism
(liver) causes cerebral edema. Affects CNS, change in LOC, memory loss,
asterixis (flapping tremor) impaired handwriting, hyperventilation w/ resp
alkalosis.
Traumatic Brain Injury correct answersClosed: blow to
the head Open: penetrating head injury that damages
the brain
Unequal pupils, asymmetrical facial features, fluid drainage, change in
language, emotion, function, cognition.
Risks: Seizures, Alzheimer's, migraine, Parkinson's
Increased ICP correct answersFrom TBI or others that increase volume
in skull. HYPERTENSION, BRADYpnea, BRADYcardia (cushings triad)!
Hemorrhage is a concern, projectile vomit.
Intercranial Hematomas, epidural and subdural correct answersEpidural:
Between Dura and skull. Brief LOC > brief alert > LOC
Subdural: Between dura and arachnoid space. Increased mortality w/in
24 hrs. ICP, neuro defects
Intercranial Hematomas, intracerebral and subarachnoid correct
answersIntracerebral: Between skull and brain. Causes: high HP, stroke,
aneurysm, cerebral vascular abnormalities, inj.
Subarachnoid: Between arachnoid space and pia. From rupture of
aneurysm and vascular abnormalities. Headache in back.
Autonomic Hyperreflexia correct answersassociated with injuries above
T6: massive sympathetic response. headaches, hypertension,
tachycardia, seizures, stroke, and death
Distributive Shock correct answersVasodilation, does not respond to
SNS stim Includes neurogenic, septic, and anaphylatic
Neurogenic Shock correct answersShock from nerve paralysis that
sometimes develops from spinal cord injuries. Loss of vascular sympathetic
tone & autonomic function.
BRADYcardia*, hypotension
Septic Shock correct answersShock caused by severe infection, usually a
bacterial infection.
Tachycardia, hypotension, infection symptoms.
Anaphylactic Shock correct answersA severe allergic reaction.
Bronchoconstriction, tachycardia, tachypnea and sometimes sudden
death.
spinal cord injuries correct answersCervical:
Quadriplegic Thoracic: Paraplegic w/ respiratory
issues
Lumbar: Paraplegic
Sacral: May have Caude Equine Syndrome
Abnormal Breath Sounds correct answersCrackles: "Snap" (Excess
fluid, CHF, Pneumonia)
Rhonchi: Bubbles/gurgling (Inhale & exhale, COPD, pneumonia, CF)
Wheezing: Shrill/whistle/coarse rattle (partial block, Allergies, COPD,
Bronchitis) Stridor: High pitched whistle (upper block/narrow)
Rales: Crackles
Hydrocephalitis correct answersCongenital: Increase CFS in skull. Flow
disruptions, CNS issues.
Big head, fast growing big head, bulging Fontelle's, Downward gaze
Spina Bifida correct answersCongenital: Neural tube defect, folate deficiency.
Vertebrae fuse, meninges and spinal ford herniate.
Occulta: Asymptomatic
Meningocele: Sac perfusion, lower back, no deficits.
Myelomeningocele: SERIOUS, neuro (paralysis) & Bowel
(incontinence)
Cerebral Palsy correct answersCongenital: Linked to hypoxia. Poor
muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic
deficiencies
Meningitis correct answersInfectious: inflammation of the meninges, by
a bacterial infection
Affects growth, movement, cognition. Drool, grimaces, bulging Fontelle's,
opisthotonos, photophobia, poor sucking
Encephalitis correct answersInfectious: Inflammation of spinal cord
and brain, by bacteria or virus
infection symptoms, LOC, cerebral edema, bulging fontelles,
hallucinations, paranoia, paralysis
Trigeminal neuralgia correct answersOver reaction of cranial nerve 5,
extreme pain, suicide disease
Bells Palsy correct answersTemporary, sudden weakness of half of the
face
, Post-Polio Syndrome correct answers30+ years after having polio.
Atrophy, pain, dysphagia, cold intolerance
Hepatic Encephalopathy correct answersimpaired ammonia metabolism
(liver) causes cerebral edema. Affects CNS, change in LOC, memory loss,
asterixis (flapping tremor) impaired handwriting, hyperventilation w/ resp
alkalosis.
Traumatic Brain Injury correct answersClosed: blow to
the head Open: penetrating head injury that damages
the brain
Unequal pupils, asymmetrical facial features, fluid drainage, change in
language, emotion, function, cognition.
Risks: Seizures, Alzheimer's, migraine, Parkinson's
Increased ICP correct answersFrom TBI or others that increase volume
in skull. HYPERTENSION, BRADYpnea, BRADYcardia (cushings triad)!
Hemorrhage is a concern, projectile vomit.
Intercranial Hematomas, epidural and subdural correct answersEpidural:
Between Dura and skull. Brief LOC > brief alert > LOC
Subdural: Between dura and arachnoid space. Increased mortality w/in
24 hrs. ICP, neuro defects
Intercranial Hematomas, intracerebral and subarachnoid correct
answersIntracerebral: Between skull and brain. Causes: high HP, stroke,
aneurysm, cerebral vascular abnormalities, inj.
Subarachnoid: Between arachnoid space and pia. From rupture of
aneurysm and vascular abnormalities. Headache in back.
Autonomic Hyperreflexia correct answersassociated with injuries above
T6: massive sympathetic response. headaches, hypertension,
tachycardia, seizures, stroke, and death
Distributive Shock correct answersVasodilation, does not respond to
SNS stim Includes neurogenic, septic, and anaphylatic
Neurogenic Shock correct answersShock from nerve paralysis that
sometimes develops from spinal cord injuries. Loss of vascular sympathetic
tone & autonomic function.
BRADYcardia*, hypotension
Septic Shock correct answersShock caused by severe infection, usually a
bacterial infection.
Tachycardia, hypotension, infection symptoms.
Anaphylactic Shock correct answersA severe allergic reaction.
Bronchoconstriction, tachycardia, tachypnea and sometimes sudden
death.
