PSYC 3102 Final Exam with correct answers

Androcentric Male-centered Women and Madness Claimed that psychology and psychiatry were used to control women Liberal feminism Emphasizes women's rights to legal and social equality with men Radical feminism Emphasizes male control and domination of women as the most fundamental form of oppression, which all women experience Women of color feminism (womanism) Emphasizes both sexism and racism as fundamental forms of oppression, white women's movement excluded women of color Cultural feminism Emphasizes that women are different from men, having unique characteristics that should be recognized and respected The backlash against feminism includes... Emphasis on sex differences, attention to conflict (publicity tends to focus on intense arguments and less attention to feminist ideals), and stereotypes about feminists Global feminism Focuses on how prejudice and discrimination against women are related across cultures, and how they are connected to neocolonialism and global capitalism Sex Biological Gender Sociocultural Broverman study Found that men are generally viewed as agentic (active, objective, independent, aggressive, direct, unemotional) and women are viewed as communal (warm, expressive, sensitive, caring) Do stereotypes change? No, relatively consistent over the last 40 years, protected by the reclassification of "deviants" How does the book define gender? Classification system that influences access to power and resources and shapes the relations among women and men Legitimizing myths Attitudes, values, and beliefs that serve to justify hierarchical social practices (ex. women are too emotional and fragile) Prejudice A negative attitude or feeling towards person because of his or her membership in a particular social group Discrimination Involves treating people unfairly because of their membership in a particular group Oppression A widespread and systematic pattern of prejudice and discrimination Hostile sexism Beliefs that women are inferior and are threatening to take over men's rightful (dominant) place Benevolent sexism Women are special beings to be cherished and protected Self-presentation Acting out a self in response to the expectations of others Self-fulfilling prophecy A belief that leads to its own fulfillment Intergroup bias effect People tend to perceive their own social group more positively than other groups Out-group homogeneity effect Members of other groups are all alike What is the general image around women in the media? Emphasis on female beauty, impossible weight standards, leads to distorted self-images, disordered eating, especially true for white women Attractive people in the media are... Judged more positively Conscious-raising groups Individuals gain awareness of social and cultural awareness, ex. feminist therapy and developing feminist values Masculine Gender Role Strain Paradigm Discrepancy: failure to live up to male expectations Dysfunction: maintain normative masculine expectations Trauma: expression of negative idealized characteristics, such as violence towards others How does media sexism affect women? They value achievement less How does media sexism affect men? Judge women as less competent Chromosomes XX (female) or XY (male) Gonads Ovaries or testes Gonadal hormones Estrogens (females) or androgens (male) Internal sex organs Fallopian tubes (female) or vas deferens (male) External genitalia Clitoris, labia, vaginal opening (female) or penis and scrotum (male) Sex label Newborn is designated as female or male by medical personnel Gender socialization Learning of gender roles through childhood environment Gender identification Self identification What percentage of live births are intersex? 1.2% Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Genetic female exposed to excessive masculinizing hormones, development of external genitalia Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) Genetic male with partial or complete non-responsive to androgens, mix between penis and vagina develops 5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency (5-ARD) Genetic male who lacks enzyme needed to convert tester one to a substance needed to masculinize genitalia, mix between penis and vagina develops Transgendered persons Psychological self-concept doesn't fit with sex CIS gender identifying female Born female and identifies as such (same as CIS gender identifying male) Transsexual Transgendered person who changes sexual biology How many people worldwide are transsexual? 30,000 people, male to female surgery is more common Premature sexualization Sexual promiscuity before a woman is emotionally ready for sexual awareness "Boy toys" Playing with blocks and other inanimate objects, race cars "Girl toys" More structure, physical closeness, verbal interaction Who is most susceptible to gender-typing? White boys, more likely to engage in gender-typing, more likely to reward one another for male play What are some of the consequences of early growth/weight spurts in women? Self-esteem, body image, eating disorders, smoking, use of diet pills How can you encourage gender flexibility at home? Girls with moms in nontraditional employment, girls who are only children, girls from all-female families, kids from homes with nontraditional divisions of labor Puberty Age of being physically able to reproduce Adolescence Transition phase between childhood and adulthood, continuously developing DSM-5 criteria for PMDD - During most of menstrual cycle - At leave five of the following: Depressed mood, increased anxiety, sudden changes in mood, etc. Menstrual joy Experience of menstrual period as self-affirming, creative, pleasurable, and signifying fertility What is the prevalence of PMS in women? 2-5% What are the impacts of menstrual silence on girls? - Ignorance - Embarrassment (men do not want to buy tampons or pads for women) - Feelings of abnormality Tolerance of gender non-conforming kids, tomboys vs. sissies Society is generally more tolerant of tomboys How are women typically depicted in literature? Submissive and passive, men as strong Sexual scripts Rules, guides, expectations for appropriate sexual behavior as defined by a social group Example of sexual script for males Men are hyper sexual and should be the initiators Example of sexual script for females Women should be passive, not initiate, don't take an active role or guide partners Consequences of sexual passivity norm for men and women Men are less oriented to partner, women feel guilty, silent, less pleasure and orgasm Active, assertive roles during sex.... Increase the chance of orgasm Benefits of masturbation for women Sexual desire, arousal, orgasms, understanding the body, increased sexual esteem and marital satisfaction What is wrong with sexual education in schools? Exclusive focus on biology and contraception, sex as something girls should fear, no talk of same-sex sexuality What percent of new STD infections in the U.S. yearly occur in youth under 25? 50% What defines sexual orientation? Self-identification, emotional attachment, sexual attraction and fantasies, sexual behavior Bisexuality... Defies notion that everyone can be categorized into neat box or label, rejected by gay and straight people alike What do men generally seek in mates? Beauty (thought to be a result of evolution) What do women generally seek in mates? Wealth (thought to be a result of evolution) Feminist response to what men and women want in partners... Attractiveness does not equal health or fertility, emphasis on social roles should instead be investigated Patriarchal symbols in weddings "Giving away of bride," diamond engagement rings for women only, brides wear white to signify virginity, "you may now kiss the bride," taking husband's last name Traditional marriage A union characterized by a clear division of labor, companionship, and cooperation Modern marriage Wives work outside home, but "second shift" in the home with house and children Egalitarian marriage Both partners have equal power authority and domestic authority, neither job is seen as more important than another Benefits of egalitarian marriage Higher satisfaction, better sex, less manipulation, better female mental health, less occupational burden for men, better relationship with kids Married women/unmarried women are more likely to have psychological disorders? Married Married men/unmarried men are more likely to have psychological disorders? Unmarried What can explain the rise in divorce rates in recent years? Women's participation in paid workforce makes it possible for them to live alone and without financial support of men, changing social attitudes and laws Who is more likely to initiate divorce? Women Pros of divorce for women Psychological benefits including freedom, competence, end of bad relationship Cons of divorce for women Anger, helplessness, ambivalence, stress, life-expectancy Singlism Negative stereotyping and discrimination directed toward people who are single (women are most popular targets) Disadvantages of being single Loneliness, pressure of couples everywhere Advantages of being single Freedom, privacy, independence, leisure, travel, social get togethers What percent of pregnancies end in miscarriage within 13 weeks? (first trimester) 15-20% Positive birth experiences Improved maternal child attachment, decreased risk for postpartum depression, improved sense of maternal confidence Negative birth experiences Development of PTSD, history of abuse affects likelihood of traumatic birthing Biomedical paradigm of birth Birth as an illness often needing medical attention, monitoring, and surgery, goal is infant health Technocratic paradigm of birth Similar to biomedical, but emphasis on technology as superior to women's bodies Holistic paradigm of birth Birth as natural, healthy process, goal is infant and mother health Sexting Sending sexually explicit photos or videos of oneself via text message or email Non-consensual pornography The distribution of sexually explicit material without the permission of the person featured in the photos or videos Childhood sexual abuse Coercive sexual interaction between a child and an adult Intimate partner violence (IPV) Physical aggression and violence in a relationship, includes all types of close relationships Rape Sexual penetration without the person's consent, obtained through force or threat of harm, or when the person is incapable of giving consent Acquaintance rape Sexual assault by a dating partner or someone known to the victim Rape myths Widely held, stereotypical, false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists that perpetuate and normalize male sexual violence against women (men tend to endorse rape myths more than women) "Why doesn't she just leave?" Myth about abuse, women face financial, practical, personal issues in leaving a partner See 8 more Add or remove terms You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Review with an activity