AAMC FINAL EXAM PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Disulfide bridges - ✔✔which is a type of intermolecular covalent bonding.
-Oxidation builds disulfide bonds
Reduction breaks disulfide bonds
✔✔Aspartic Acid - ✔✔(-CH2-COOH)
✔✔Serine - ✔✔-CH2-OH
-Ser is the residue that was phosphorylated at its primary alcohol side chain for future
attachment of nanocrystals of HA
✔✔Alanine - ✔✔Ala has a methyl side chain
✔✔Tyrosine - ✔✔The side chain of Tyr is a phenol
✔✔Threonine, Thr, T - ✔✔The side chain of Thr is a secondary alcohol
✔✔Compound 1 was designed to exhibit pH-dependent self-assembly. What feature(s)
of the molecule is(are) responsible for the pH dependence of aggregation - ✔✔In order
for pH to affect self-assembly of Compound 1, there must be side chains whose net
charge respond to pH. At pH 4, there is a smaller net negative charge, self-assembly; at
pH 8, the net negative charge is much higher, causing repulsion of Compound 1
molecules and blocking self-assembly.
-Long alkyl chains are not affected by pH.
-Charge development is the key to pH dependence of aggregation, not hydrogen
bonding.
✔✔Why is the velocity of blood flow slower in capillaries than in arteries? -
✔✔Aincreases Vdecreases=AV- Continuity Equation
-The high number of capillaries in the body means that the total cross-sectional area of
these vessels is larger than any other vessel type in the circulatory system. This causes
the velocity of the blood to decrease.
-This slows down the velocity of the blood within capillaries and thus drops the blood
pressure.
-and increases resistance
-capillary walls are less elastic
✔✔Ideal gase - ✔✔A property of an "ideal" gas is that it is composed of particles that
have negligible volume and do not exert intermolecular forces.
✔✔STP - ✔✔1 mole of gas at 22.4 L at 0 C and 1 atm
, ✔✔Where does the phosphate come from? - ✔✔Rhodopsin kinase catalyzes the
reaction between ATP and rhodopsin that causes rhodopsin to be phosphorylated, but
ATP is the source of the phosphate.
✔✔Transition Metals - ✔✔Transition metals are capable of using d orbitals in bonding.
An sp3d system has 5 electron pair domains and is based on a trigonal bipyramidal or
other 5-coordinate geometry.
✔✔(pH = -log([H+]) - ✔✔A difference of 3 pH units corresponds to a 103 = 1000-fold
difference in proton concentrations.
✔✔According to the passage, glycogen has phosphate monoesters at C2 and C3 in one
out of every 600-1500 glucose molecules. This glucose molecule is phosphorylated at
C2 and C3. - ✔✔C2 and C3
✔✔Glycosidic bond to attach glucose - ✔✔In glycogen, each glucose subunit is
connected to an adjacent glucose subunit by an α-1,4-glycosidic bond.
✔✔Know Ribose - ✔✔5 carbon ring with 2 -OHs on the 2 and 3 carbons
✔✔Which of the reactions occurs to the LEAST extent? - ✔✔-HPO42- has a high
negative charge and so dissociation of it will occur to the least extent.
-This is readily seen due to the increased charge on the anion which will make it much
harder to lose another proton.
✔✔emission - ✔✔-The emission of neutrons by the nucleus occurs only during
stimulated nuclear fission.
-By definition, gamma decay means the emission of photons by the nucleus.
-The emission of protons by the nucleus is called beta-plus decay.
-The emission of an electron by the nucleus is called beta-minus decay.
✔✔Spontaneity and Entropy - ✔✔Spontaneous reactions must have a negative ΔG°,
and reactions that create gaseous products from solids and liquids must have a positive
ΔS°.
✔✔most likely will occur if a homogeneous catalyst CANNOT be separated from the
products at the end of a reaction? - ✔✔-Of the many separation techniques available,
only fractional distillation might cause the catalyst to become heterogeneous and that
would facilitate separation by filtration.
-Separation of products from unreacted starting materials or catalysts does not affect
the outcome of a reaction, which has already taken place.
-The reaction rate is unaffected. The separation process will occur after the reaction is
completed.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Disulfide bridges - ✔✔which is a type of intermolecular covalent bonding.
-Oxidation builds disulfide bonds
Reduction breaks disulfide bonds
✔✔Aspartic Acid - ✔✔(-CH2-COOH)
✔✔Serine - ✔✔-CH2-OH
-Ser is the residue that was phosphorylated at its primary alcohol side chain for future
attachment of nanocrystals of HA
✔✔Alanine - ✔✔Ala has a methyl side chain
✔✔Tyrosine - ✔✔The side chain of Tyr is a phenol
✔✔Threonine, Thr, T - ✔✔The side chain of Thr is a secondary alcohol
✔✔Compound 1 was designed to exhibit pH-dependent self-assembly. What feature(s)
of the molecule is(are) responsible for the pH dependence of aggregation - ✔✔In order
for pH to affect self-assembly of Compound 1, there must be side chains whose net
charge respond to pH. At pH 4, there is a smaller net negative charge, self-assembly; at
pH 8, the net negative charge is much higher, causing repulsion of Compound 1
molecules and blocking self-assembly.
-Long alkyl chains are not affected by pH.
-Charge development is the key to pH dependence of aggregation, not hydrogen
bonding.
✔✔Why is the velocity of blood flow slower in capillaries than in arteries? -
✔✔Aincreases Vdecreases=AV- Continuity Equation
-The high number of capillaries in the body means that the total cross-sectional area of
these vessels is larger than any other vessel type in the circulatory system. This causes
the velocity of the blood to decrease.
-This slows down the velocity of the blood within capillaries and thus drops the blood
pressure.
-and increases resistance
-capillary walls are less elastic
✔✔Ideal gase - ✔✔A property of an "ideal" gas is that it is composed of particles that
have negligible volume and do not exert intermolecular forces.
✔✔STP - ✔✔1 mole of gas at 22.4 L at 0 C and 1 atm
, ✔✔Where does the phosphate come from? - ✔✔Rhodopsin kinase catalyzes the
reaction between ATP and rhodopsin that causes rhodopsin to be phosphorylated, but
ATP is the source of the phosphate.
✔✔Transition Metals - ✔✔Transition metals are capable of using d orbitals in bonding.
An sp3d system has 5 electron pair domains and is based on a trigonal bipyramidal or
other 5-coordinate geometry.
✔✔(pH = -log([H+]) - ✔✔A difference of 3 pH units corresponds to a 103 = 1000-fold
difference in proton concentrations.
✔✔According to the passage, glycogen has phosphate monoesters at C2 and C3 in one
out of every 600-1500 glucose molecules. This glucose molecule is phosphorylated at
C2 and C3. - ✔✔C2 and C3
✔✔Glycosidic bond to attach glucose - ✔✔In glycogen, each glucose subunit is
connected to an adjacent glucose subunit by an α-1,4-glycosidic bond.
✔✔Know Ribose - ✔✔5 carbon ring with 2 -OHs on the 2 and 3 carbons
✔✔Which of the reactions occurs to the LEAST extent? - ✔✔-HPO42- has a high
negative charge and so dissociation of it will occur to the least extent.
-This is readily seen due to the increased charge on the anion which will make it much
harder to lose another proton.
✔✔emission - ✔✔-The emission of neutrons by the nucleus occurs only during
stimulated nuclear fission.
-By definition, gamma decay means the emission of photons by the nucleus.
-The emission of protons by the nucleus is called beta-plus decay.
-The emission of an electron by the nucleus is called beta-minus decay.
✔✔Spontaneity and Entropy - ✔✔Spontaneous reactions must have a negative ΔG°,
and reactions that create gaseous products from solids and liquids must have a positive
ΔS°.
✔✔most likely will occur if a homogeneous catalyst CANNOT be separated from the
products at the end of a reaction? - ✔✔-Of the many separation techniques available,
only fractional distillation might cause the catalyst to become heterogeneous and that
would facilitate separation by filtration.
-Separation of products from unreacted starting materials or catalysts does not affect
the outcome of a reaction, which has already taken place.
-The reaction rate is unaffected. The separation process will occur after the reaction is
completed.
