Biology 1 Honors EOC Latest Update
cell wall? - ANSWER-(plant) protects the cell
bacterial cells - ANSWER-1) smaller and simpler than plant and animal cells
2) uni-cellular
3) no nucleus (prokaryotic)
what organelles do bacterial cells have? - ANSWER-- single looped DNA, cell wall,
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
- some have a capsule (for protection)
what do bacterial have that other cells don't? - ANSWER-- cilia (hair like structures to
hold onto host cells)
- flagella (whip like structure for movement)
what is the cell membrane made of? - ANSWER-phospholipids
what is the phospholipid bilayer? - ANSWER-2 layers of phospholipids that make up
the cell membrane
what is special about the cell membrane? - ANSWER-it is fluid, which means that is
constantly moving and flowing over the cell and it is selectively permiable, which
means it allows small compounds, not large ones to flow right through
What are the two different ways materials are transported across the membrane? -
ANSWER-passive transport and active transport
what is diffusion? - ANSWER-(passive transport) compounds move from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration
what is osmosis? - ANSWER-(passive transport) diffusion of water
what is active transport? - ANSWER-requires energy
what is passive transport? - ANSWER-doesn't require energy
what is endocytosis? - ANSWER-(in) large compounds are brought into the cell
what is exocytosis? - ANSWER-(out) large compounds are exported out of the cell
what is the sodium-potassium pump (k+/na+ pump)? - ANSWER-the process of
moving sodium and potassium across the cell membrane involving the hydrolysis of
ATP
what is a hypotonic solution? - ANSWER-solution that causes water to move into the
cell so the cell swells up
, what is a hypertonic solution? - ANSWER-solution that causes water to move out of
the cell so the cell shrivels up
what is an isotonic solution? - ANSWER-solution that causes no net movement of
water into or out of the cell
what is photosynthesis? - ANSWER-process by which organisms use energy from
sunlight to make their own food (glucose- simple sugar)
where does photosynthesis occur? - ANSWER-chloroplasts (chlorophyll- green
pigment) of plant cells and some bacteria
Steps of Photosynthesis? - ANSWER-1) Light Reaction- chlorophyll in the
chloroplasts absorbs sunlight, ATP is made, H2O splits
2) Dark Reaction- the energy from the sunlight is used to make glucose (calvin cycle-
carbon fixation- CO2 -> C6H12O6)
-Light energy is completely changed into chemical energy (glucose)
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? - ANSWER-6CO2 + 6H2O + light
energy -> C6H12O6 + O2
what is cellular respiration? - ANSWER-process that breaks down glucose in order to
make energy for an organism
where does cellular respiration occur? - ANSWER-the mitochondria
what are the two types of respiration? - ANSWER--aerobic (requires oxygen to
occur, animals + plants)
-anaerobic (doesn't require oxygen to occur) (bacteria + yeast)
What is the process of aerobic respiration? - ANSWER-Step 1) Glycolosis: glucose
is cut in half (cellular respiration)- in cytoplasm, produces pyruvate
Step 2) Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb's Cycle: glucose halves get electrons chopped off of
them - 2FADH, 2ATP, 6NADH
Step 3) Electron Transport Chain: electrons combine with oxygen and are used to
make a lot of ATP (36)
- Aerobic respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis
what is the chemical equation for respiration? - ANSWER-C6H12O6 + O2 -> 6CO2 +
6H2O + ATP energy (opp. of photosynthesis)
What is anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER--aka fermentation
two types:
-lactate fermentation in muscle cells
-alcoholic fermentation in yeast produces ethanol
makes less ATP than aerobic respiration (most efficient)
what are chromosomes? - ANSWER--DNA strands located in the nucleus that
contain the directions on how to keep an organism alive
cell wall? - ANSWER-(plant) protects the cell
bacterial cells - ANSWER-1) smaller and simpler than plant and animal cells
2) uni-cellular
3) no nucleus (prokaryotic)
what organelles do bacterial cells have? - ANSWER-- single looped DNA, cell wall,
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
- some have a capsule (for protection)
what do bacterial have that other cells don't? - ANSWER-- cilia (hair like structures to
hold onto host cells)
- flagella (whip like structure for movement)
what is the cell membrane made of? - ANSWER-phospholipids
what is the phospholipid bilayer? - ANSWER-2 layers of phospholipids that make up
the cell membrane
what is special about the cell membrane? - ANSWER-it is fluid, which means that is
constantly moving and flowing over the cell and it is selectively permiable, which
means it allows small compounds, not large ones to flow right through
What are the two different ways materials are transported across the membrane? -
ANSWER-passive transport and active transport
what is diffusion? - ANSWER-(passive transport) compounds move from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration
what is osmosis? - ANSWER-(passive transport) diffusion of water
what is active transport? - ANSWER-requires energy
what is passive transport? - ANSWER-doesn't require energy
what is endocytosis? - ANSWER-(in) large compounds are brought into the cell
what is exocytosis? - ANSWER-(out) large compounds are exported out of the cell
what is the sodium-potassium pump (k+/na+ pump)? - ANSWER-the process of
moving sodium and potassium across the cell membrane involving the hydrolysis of
ATP
what is a hypotonic solution? - ANSWER-solution that causes water to move into the
cell so the cell swells up
, what is a hypertonic solution? - ANSWER-solution that causes water to move out of
the cell so the cell shrivels up
what is an isotonic solution? - ANSWER-solution that causes no net movement of
water into or out of the cell
what is photosynthesis? - ANSWER-process by which organisms use energy from
sunlight to make their own food (glucose- simple sugar)
where does photosynthesis occur? - ANSWER-chloroplasts (chlorophyll- green
pigment) of plant cells and some bacteria
Steps of Photosynthesis? - ANSWER-1) Light Reaction- chlorophyll in the
chloroplasts absorbs sunlight, ATP is made, H2O splits
2) Dark Reaction- the energy from the sunlight is used to make glucose (calvin cycle-
carbon fixation- CO2 -> C6H12O6)
-Light energy is completely changed into chemical energy (glucose)
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? - ANSWER-6CO2 + 6H2O + light
energy -> C6H12O6 + O2
what is cellular respiration? - ANSWER-process that breaks down glucose in order to
make energy for an organism
where does cellular respiration occur? - ANSWER-the mitochondria
what are the two types of respiration? - ANSWER--aerobic (requires oxygen to
occur, animals + plants)
-anaerobic (doesn't require oxygen to occur) (bacteria + yeast)
What is the process of aerobic respiration? - ANSWER-Step 1) Glycolosis: glucose
is cut in half (cellular respiration)- in cytoplasm, produces pyruvate
Step 2) Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb's Cycle: glucose halves get electrons chopped off of
them - 2FADH, 2ATP, 6NADH
Step 3) Electron Transport Chain: electrons combine with oxygen and are used to
make a lot of ATP (36)
- Aerobic respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis
what is the chemical equation for respiration? - ANSWER-C6H12O6 + O2 -> 6CO2 +
6H2O + ATP energy (opp. of photosynthesis)
What is anaerobic respiration? - ANSWER--aka fermentation
two types:
-lactate fermentation in muscle cells
-alcoholic fermentation in yeast produces ethanol
makes less ATP than aerobic respiration (most efficient)
what are chromosomes? - ANSWER--DNA strands located in the nucleus that
contain the directions on how to keep an organism alive
