HESI BIOLOGY FINAL EXAMINATION 2 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS 2025 GRADED A+
✔✔Metabolic pathways - ✔✔In a cell, reactions take place in a series of steps called,
_____________ progressing from a standpoint of high energy to low energy.
✔✔Cell - ✔✔The fundamental unit of biology.
✔✔Prokaryotic - ✔✔_____ cells lack a defined nucleus and do not contain membrane
bound organelles.
✔✔Eukaryotic - ✔✔_______ cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and a series of
membrane bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell as directed by the
nucleus.
✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔Part of the cell that contains the DNA of the cell contained in
organized masses (chromosomes).
✔✔Chromosomes - ✔✔_____ contain all of the material for the regeneration of the cell
as well as all instructions for the function of the cell.
✔✔46 - ✔✔Every organism has a characteristic number of chromosomes. What is the
number in humans?
✔✔Ribosomes - ✔✔Organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and
translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins.
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum (Bound)
Cytoplasm (Free) - ✔✔Ribosomes are generally found in two locations, what are they?
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ✔✔Membranous organelle found attached to the
nuclear membrane and consists of two continuous parts.
✔✔Rough E.R - ✔✔Section of the Endoplasmic Reticulum responsible for protein
synthesis and membrane production.
✔✔Smooth E.R - ✔✔Section of the Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions as the
detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules.
✔✔Golgi Apparatus - ✔✔"UPS of the cell" Responsible for packaging, processing and
transport of materials from the E.R throughout the cell.
✔✔Lysosomes - ✔✔Responsible for intracellular digestion. Packed with hydrolytic
enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars and nucleic acids.
,✔✔Central Vacuole - ✔✔Plant cells have a ________ that functions as storage, waste
disposal, protection and hydrolysis.
✔✔Mitochondrion
Chloroplasts - ✔✔What are the two organelles that are responsible for cellular energy?
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔Found in eukaryotic cells and are the site of cellular respiration.
✔✔Chloroplast - ✔✔Found in plant cells and are the site of photosynthesis.
✔✔Cellular Membrane - ✔✔The most important component of the cell, contributing to
protection, communication, and passages of substances into and out of the cell.
✔✔Phospholipid bilayer - ✔✔'The cellular membrane is made up of a ___________.
✔✔selectively permeable - ✔✔Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, this bilayer
creates a hydrophobic region in between layers of lipids making the cell membrane
_________________.
✔✔Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ✔✔What is the molecule that is used as the
"currency" of the cell?
✔✔Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) - ✔✔Another compound acts as a
reducing agent and is a vehicle of stored energy is reduced. This molecule is a
precursor to produce greater amount of ATP in the final steps of respiration.
✔✔glycolysis - ✔✔The first step of cellular respiration is the conversion of Glucose to
Pyruvate in a step called _____.
✔✔- 4 ATP (2 net; 2 invested in "payoff phase"
- 2 molecules of Pyruvate
- 2 molecules of NADH - ✔✔What is produced at the end of Glycolysis?
✔✔Krebs cycle - ✔✔A step in which pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and
used in the first series of reactions called?
✔✔In the matrix of the mitochondria. - ✔✔Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
✔✔- 2 ATP molecules
- 6 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)
-6 NADH molecules - ✔✔What is produced with 1 glucose molecule during the Kreb
Cycle?
, ✔✔Electron Transport Chain - ✔✔Begins with the oxidation of the NADH molecules to
produce oxygen and finally to produce water in a series of steps called
_______________.
✔✔32 - ✔✔For every glucose molecule, approximately how many molecules of ATP
can be formed in the final stages of the Electron Transport Chain?
✔✔Photosynthesis - ✔✔A precursor to the glucose molecule is produced in a process
called __________.
✔✔C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O - ✔✔Cellular Respiration Reaction
✔✔6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 - ✔✔Photosynthesis Reaction
✔✔- Light Reactions
- Calvin Cycle - ✔✔What are the two stages associated with Photosynthesis?
✔✔Light reactions - ✔✔Converts solar energy to chemical energy. (Part of
photosynthesis)
✔✔Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) - ✔✔In photosynthesis the
cell accomplished production of ATP by absorbing light and using that energy to split a
water molecule and transfer the electrons. Thus creating ______ and producing ATP.
✔✔Calvin Cycle - ✔✔NADPH and ATP are used in ______ to produce sugar. The sugar
produced is polymerized and stored as a polymer of glucose.
✔✔Asexual
Sexual - ✔✔Sexual Reproduction falls into what two catagories?
✔✔Binary Fission
Mitosis - ✔✔What are the two types of asexual reproduction?
✔✔Binary Fission - ✔✔Process in which the chromosome binds to the plasma
membrane, where it replicates, then as the cell grows it pinches off into two identical
cells.
✔✔Bacteria - ✔✔Give an example of an organism that reproduces via binary fission?
✔✔Mitosis - ✔✔The process of cell division that occurs in five stages before pinching
into two "daughter" cells in a process called cytokinesis.
✔✔Prophase
Prometaphase
ANSWERS 2025 GRADED A+
✔✔Metabolic pathways - ✔✔In a cell, reactions take place in a series of steps called,
_____________ progressing from a standpoint of high energy to low energy.
✔✔Cell - ✔✔The fundamental unit of biology.
✔✔Prokaryotic - ✔✔_____ cells lack a defined nucleus and do not contain membrane
bound organelles.
✔✔Eukaryotic - ✔✔_______ cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and a series of
membrane bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell as directed by the
nucleus.
✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔Part of the cell that contains the DNA of the cell contained in
organized masses (chromosomes).
✔✔Chromosomes - ✔✔_____ contain all of the material for the regeneration of the cell
as well as all instructions for the function of the cell.
✔✔46 - ✔✔Every organism has a characteristic number of chromosomes. What is the
number in humans?
✔✔Ribosomes - ✔✔Organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and
translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins.
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum (Bound)
Cytoplasm (Free) - ✔✔Ribosomes are generally found in two locations, what are they?
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ✔✔Membranous organelle found attached to the
nuclear membrane and consists of two continuous parts.
✔✔Rough E.R - ✔✔Section of the Endoplasmic Reticulum responsible for protein
synthesis and membrane production.
✔✔Smooth E.R - ✔✔Section of the Endoplasmic Reticulum that functions as the
detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules.
✔✔Golgi Apparatus - ✔✔"UPS of the cell" Responsible for packaging, processing and
transport of materials from the E.R throughout the cell.
✔✔Lysosomes - ✔✔Responsible for intracellular digestion. Packed with hydrolytic
enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars and nucleic acids.
,✔✔Central Vacuole - ✔✔Plant cells have a ________ that functions as storage, waste
disposal, protection and hydrolysis.
✔✔Mitochondrion
Chloroplasts - ✔✔What are the two organelles that are responsible for cellular energy?
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔Found in eukaryotic cells and are the site of cellular respiration.
✔✔Chloroplast - ✔✔Found in plant cells and are the site of photosynthesis.
✔✔Cellular Membrane - ✔✔The most important component of the cell, contributing to
protection, communication, and passages of substances into and out of the cell.
✔✔Phospholipid bilayer - ✔✔'The cellular membrane is made up of a ___________.
✔✔selectively permeable - ✔✔Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules, this bilayer
creates a hydrophobic region in between layers of lipids making the cell membrane
_________________.
✔✔Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ✔✔What is the molecule that is used as the
"currency" of the cell?
✔✔Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) - ✔✔Another compound acts as a
reducing agent and is a vehicle of stored energy is reduced. This molecule is a
precursor to produce greater amount of ATP in the final steps of respiration.
✔✔glycolysis - ✔✔The first step of cellular respiration is the conversion of Glucose to
Pyruvate in a step called _____.
✔✔- 4 ATP (2 net; 2 invested in "payoff phase"
- 2 molecules of Pyruvate
- 2 molecules of NADH - ✔✔What is produced at the end of Glycolysis?
✔✔Krebs cycle - ✔✔A step in which pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and
used in the first series of reactions called?
✔✔In the matrix of the mitochondria. - ✔✔Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
✔✔- 2 ATP molecules
- 6 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)
-6 NADH molecules - ✔✔What is produced with 1 glucose molecule during the Kreb
Cycle?
, ✔✔Electron Transport Chain - ✔✔Begins with the oxidation of the NADH molecules to
produce oxygen and finally to produce water in a series of steps called
_______________.
✔✔32 - ✔✔For every glucose molecule, approximately how many molecules of ATP
can be formed in the final stages of the Electron Transport Chain?
✔✔Photosynthesis - ✔✔A precursor to the glucose molecule is produced in a process
called __________.
✔✔C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O - ✔✔Cellular Respiration Reaction
✔✔6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 - ✔✔Photosynthesis Reaction
✔✔- Light Reactions
- Calvin Cycle - ✔✔What are the two stages associated with Photosynthesis?
✔✔Light reactions - ✔✔Converts solar energy to chemical energy. (Part of
photosynthesis)
✔✔Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) - ✔✔In photosynthesis the
cell accomplished production of ATP by absorbing light and using that energy to split a
water molecule and transfer the electrons. Thus creating ______ and producing ATP.
✔✔Calvin Cycle - ✔✔NADPH and ATP are used in ______ to produce sugar. The sugar
produced is polymerized and stored as a polymer of glucose.
✔✔Asexual
Sexual - ✔✔Sexual Reproduction falls into what two catagories?
✔✔Binary Fission
Mitosis - ✔✔What are the two types of asexual reproduction?
✔✔Binary Fission - ✔✔Process in which the chromosome binds to the plasma
membrane, where it replicates, then as the cell grows it pinches off into two identical
cells.
✔✔Bacteria - ✔✔Give an example of an organism that reproduces via binary fission?
✔✔Mitosis - ✔✔The process of cell division that occurs in five stages before pinching
into two "daughter" cells in a process called cytokinesis.
✔✔Prophase
Prometaphase
