NR 507 ADVANCED PATHO MIDTERM
STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is leading cause of cancer? - Answer-Cigarette smoking
Most Effective HIV Treatment - Answer-Anti-retroviral therapy - a combination of drugs
Combination of therapy includes at least 3 drugs, #2 NRTI's (nucleoside reverse
transciptase inhibitors) and #1 drug from another class.
Defected cells of HIV - Answer-The primary surface receptor on HIV is the envelope
glycoprotein gp120, which binds to the CD4 molecule found mostly on the surface of T-
helper cells.
The major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of CD4
Th cells
Prader-Willi Syndrome - Answer-a rare genetic disorder caused by gene deletions on
paternal chromosome 15 that result in short stature, hypotonia, small hands and feet,
obesity, mild to moderate mental retardation, and hypogonadism.
Angelman Syndrome (happy puppet syndrome) - Answer-an inherited syndrome of jerky
puppetlike movements, frequent laughter, mental and motor retardation, peculiar open-
mouthed facies, and seizures.
Compare/Contrast Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes - Answer-In addition to the
definitions provided
Both arise from a defect in the same location on Chromosome 15.
If deletion occurs in the chromosome inherited from the father then Prader-Willi will
occur
If deletion occurs in the chromosome inherited from the mother then Angelman
syndrome will occur
Pulmonary Function Tests include - Answer-Spirometry
Diffusing Capacity
Arterial Blood Gas
Chest Radiograph
What is used to evaluate the cause of hypoxia? - Answer-Alveolar-Arterial oxygen
gradient
Spirometry - Answer-measures volume and flow rate during forced expiration
, Diffusing Capacity - Answer-a measure of the gas diffusion rate at the alveolocapillary
membrane
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) - Answer-can be used to determine pH and oxygen and CO2
concentrations
Chest Radiograph - Answer-evaluates air trapping, consolidation, cavity formation, or
presence of tumors.
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve - Answer-Shifts to Right with Acidosis and
Hypercapnia
Shifts to Left with Alkolosis and Hypocapnia
Bohr Effect - Answer-The shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve caused by
changes in CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration in the blood is called the Bohr effect.
CO2 transport in Blood - Answer-Carried in 3 ways
(1) dissolved in plasma
(2) as bicarbonate
(3) as carbamino compounds
Results of Increased Work of Breathing - Answer-The work of breathing is determined
by the muscular effort (and therefore oxygen and energy) required for ventilation. The
work of breathing is normally very low, but may increase considerably in disease states
that disrupt the equilibrium between forces exerted by the lung and chest wall. More
muscular effort is required when lung compliance is decreased (e.g., in pulmonary
edema), chest wall compliance is decreased (e.g., in spinal deformity or obesity), or
airways are obstructed by bronchospasm or mucous plugging (e.g., in asthma or
bronchitis).28 An increase in the work of breathing can result in a marked increase in
oxygen consumption and metabolic demand, which can cause significant morbidity in
individuals with severe lung disease.
Arterial perfusion pressure and alveolar gas pressure in lung bases - Answer-Because
greater pressure causes greater perfusion, the bases of the lungs are better perfused
than the apexes. Thus ventilation and perfusion are greatest in the same lung portions:
the lower lobes. In zone III arterial and venous pressures are greater than alveolar
pressure and blood flow is not affected by alveolar pressure. Zone III is in the base of
the lung.
Nephron - Answer-The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney
contains approximately 1.2 million nephrons. The nephron is a tubular structure with
subunits that include the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle
(nephron ansa), distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct, all of which contribute to
the formation of urine.
STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is leading cause of cancer? - Answer-Cigarette smoking
Most Effective HIV Treatment - Answer-Anti-retroviral therapy - a combination of drugs
Combination of therapy includes at least 3 drugs, #2 NRTI's (nucleoside reverse
transciptase inhibitors) and #1 drug from another class.
Defected cells of HIV - Answer-The primary surface receptor on HIV is the envelope
glycoprotein gp120, which binds to the CD4 molecule found mostly on the surface of T-
helper cells.
The major immunologic finding in AIDS is the striking decrease in the number of CD4
Th cells
Prader-Willi Syndrome - Answer-a rare genetic disorder caused by gene deletions on
paternal chromosome 15 that result in short stature, hypotonia, small hands and feet,
obesity, mild to moderate mental retardation, and hypogonadism.
Angelman Syndrome (happy puppet syndrome) - Answer-an inherited syndrome of jerky
puppetlike movements, frequent laughter, mental and motor retardation, peculiar open-
mouthed facies, and seizures.
Compare/Contrast Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes - Answer-In addition to the
definitions provided
Both arise from a defect in the same location on Chromosome 15.
If deletion occurs in the chromosome inherited from the father then Prader-Willi will
occur
If deletion occurs in the chromosome inherited from the mother then Angelman
syndrome will occur
Pulmonary Function Tests include - Answer-Spirometry
Diffusing Capacity
Arterial Blood Gas
Chest Radiograph
What is used to evaluate the cause of hypoxia? - Answer-Alveolar-Arterial oxygen
gradient
Spirometry - Answer-measures volume and flow rate during forced expiration
, Diffusing Capacity - Answer-a measure of the gas diffusion rate at the alveolocapillary
membrane
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) - Answer-can be used to determine pH and oxygen and CO2
concentrations
Chest Radiograph - Answer-evaluates air trapping, consolidation, cavity formation, or
presence of tumors.
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve - Answer-Shifts to Right with Acidosis and
Hypercapnia
Shifts to Left with Alkolosis and Hypocapnia
Bohr Effect - Answer-The shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve caused by
changes in CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration in the blood is called the Bohr effect.
CO2 transport in Blood - Answer-Carried in 3 ways
(1) dissolved in plasma
(2) as bicarbonate
(3) as carbamino compounds
Results of Increased Work of Breathing - Answer-The work of breathing is determined
by the muscular effort (and therefore oxygen and energy) required for ventilation. The
work of breathing is normally very low, but may increase considerably in disease states
that disrupt the equilibrium between forces exerted by the lung and chest wall. More
muscular effort is required when lung compliance is decreased (e.g., in pulmonary
edema), chest wall compliance is decreased (e.g., in spinal deformity or obesity), or
airways are obstructed by bronchospasm or mucous plugging (e.g., in asthma or
bronchitis).28 An increase in the work of breathing can result in a marked increase in
oxygen consumption and metabolic demand, which can cause significant morbidity in
individuals with severe lung disease.
Arterial perfusion pressure and alveolar gas pressure in lung bases - Answer-Because
greater pressure causes greater perfusion, the bases of the lungs are better perfused
than the apexes. Thus ventilation and perfusion are greatest in the same lung portions:
the lower lobes. In zone III arterial and venous pressures are greater than alveolar
pressure and blood flow is not affected by alveolar pressure. Zone III is in the base of
the lung.
Nephron - Answer-The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each kidney
contains approximately 1.2 million nephrons. The nephron is a tubular structure with
subunits that include the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle
(nephron ansa), distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct, all of which contribute to
the formation of urine.
