AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2
Give one reason why schema's are useful? - Correct Answer-When we're in unknown
situations schemas help us know how to behave. So when we do not know what to do
our schema fills in the gaps for us and allow us to process situations better.
Give one reason why schema's are not useful? - Correct Answer-schemas may exclude
information which doesn't conform to our prior expectations. As a result, we may form
stereotypes which are difficult to shift, even if new,disputing information is presented. This
means we may not be processing the world around us accurately and may misjudge or
represent a person or situation.
Discuss the defense mechanism shown by Jed? - Correct Answer-Displacement is when
we redirect our hostile feelings onto something else because it is not appropriate to
express their feeling towards the person or object in question. Jed can't take his frustration
out on his teacher, who issued the detention and he displaced his feelings by kicking the
locker.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach,
(A01 Behaviourist) - Correct Answer-The behaviourist approach suggests that the basic
processes that govern learning in all species are the same. We learn through two
concepts: operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach, (classical conditioning) - Correct Answer-The idea of classical conditioning was
developed by Pavlov who found that we learn through association. He found that it was
possible to condition dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food. This resulted in the
dogs producing a salivation response at the sound of a bell even when no food was
present. Pavlov demonstrated that repeated exposure to an event leads to a learned and
uncontrollable behaviour.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach, (operant conditioning) - Correct Answer-Skinner suggested behaviour resulted
from learning through the consequences of our actions. He conducted research into
operant conditioning theory using rats, and found that three types of consequences will
affect behaviour: positive reinforcement involves rewarding a behaviour, which increases
it being repeated; negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant outcome to
increase it being repeated; punishment involves adding an unpleasant outcome,reducing
the behaviour.
, Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach, (similarity to biological) - Correct Answer-Both the behaviourist approach and
biological approach share a similarity in being determinist. Both ignore the influence that
the person can have and whether they have free will and can make their own choices in
these decisions.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach, (difference) - Correct Answer-However, they differ in that the behaviourist
approach is environmentally determinist while the biological approach is biologically
determinist. Stating that behaviour is the product of internal biological factors (e.g. genes,
hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.) while behaviourists argue that behaviour is
determined by the environment and is a product of stimulus-response associations
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological approach
(similarity) - Correct Answer-Both approaches take a nomothetic approach when studying
human behaviour. Both investigate behaviour to try to create universal laws that apply to
all human beings. Biologists argue that this is possible because human beings share
similar physiologies, and behaviourists argue that this is possible because all behaviour
is the result of learning and stimulus-response associations. Therefore, the aim of
generating universal laws that apply to all humans is another similarity between the
behaviourist and biological approaches.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological approach
(nature + nurture) - Correct Answer-the behaviourist approach and biological approach
are different in their position on the nature-nurture debate. Behaviourist views rest firmly
on the nurture side of the debate, and that human beings are blank slates and that all
behaviour is learned. Biological psychologists argue a nature-based view of behaviour.
They posit that behaviour is the result of innate biological factors (e.g. genes, hormones,
neurotransmitters. etc.) and is, therefore, the product of nature and not nurture. Therefore,
despite their similarities in terms of determinism and their approach to investigation, the
behaviourist and biological approaches are radically different in terms of their position on
the nature-nurture debate.
Name a difference between somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system? -
Correct Answer-The somatic nervous system facilitates communication between the
central nervous system and the outside world, whereas the autonomic nervous system
plays an important role in maintaining internal processes like body temperature.
Give one reason why schema's are useful? - Correct Answer-When we're in unknown
situations schemas help us know how to behave. So when we do not know what to do
our schema fills in the gaps for us and allow us to process situations better.
Give one reason why schema's are not useful? - Correct Answer-schemas may exclude
information which doesn't conform to our prior expectations. As a result, we may form
stereotypes which are difficult to shift, even if new,disputing information is presented. This
means we may not be processing the world around us accurately and may misjudge or
represent a person or situation.
Discuss the defense mechanism shown by Jed? - Correct Answer-Displacement is when
we redirect our hostile feelings onto something else because it is not appropriate to
express their feeling towards the person or object in question. Jed can't take his frustration
out on his teacher, who issued the detention and he displaced his feelings by kicking the
locker.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach,
(A01 Behaviourist) - Correct Answer-The behaviourist approach suggests that the basic
processes that govern learning in all species are the same. We learn through two
concepts: operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach, (classical conditioning) - Correct Answer-The idea of classical conditioning was
developed by Pavlov who found that we learn through association. He found that it was
possible to condition dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food. This resulted in the
dogs producing a salivation response at the sound of a bell even when no food was
present. Pavlov demonstrated that repeated exposure to an event leads to a learned and
uncontrollable behaviour.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach, (operant conditioning) - Correct Answer-Skinner suggested behaviour resulted
from learning through the consequences of our actions. He conducted research into
operant conditioning theory using rats, and found that three types of consequences will
affect behaviour: positive reinforcement involves rewarding a behaviour, which increases
it being repeated; negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant outcome to
increase it being repeated; punishment involves adding an unpleasant outcome,reducing
the behaviour.
, Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach, (similarity to biological) - Correct Answer-Both the behaviourist approach and
biological approach share a similarity in being determinist. Both ignore the influence that
the person can have and whether they have free will and can make their own choices in
these decisions.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological
approach, (difference) - Correct Answer-However, they differ in that the behaviourist
approach is environmentally determinist while the biological approach is biologically
determinist. Stating that behaviour is the product of internal biological factors (e.g. genes,
hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.) while behaviourists argue that behaviour is
determined by the environment and is a product of stimulus-response associations
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological approach
(similarity) - Correct Answer-Both approaches take a nomothetic approach when studying
human behaviour. Both investigate behaviour to try to create universal laws that apply to
all human beings. Biologists argue that this is possible because human beings share
similar physiologies, and behaviourists argue that this is possible because all behaviour
is the result of learning and stimulus-response associations. Therefore, the aim of
generating universal laws that apply to all humans is another similarity between the
behaviourist and biological approaches.
Outline the key features of the behaviourist approach. Compare to the biological approach
(nature + nurture) - Correct Answer-the behaviourist approach and biological approach
are different in their position on the nature-nurture debate. Behaviourist views rest firmly
on the nurture side of the debate, and that human beings are blank slates and that all
behaviour is learned. Biological psychologists argue a nature-based view of behaviour.
They posit that behaviour is the result of innate biological factors (e.g. genes, hormones,
neurotransmitters. etc.) and is, therefore, the product of nature and not nurture. Therefore,
despite their similarities in terms of determinism and their approach to investigation, the
behaviourist and biological approaches are radically different in terms of their position on
the nature-nurture debate.
Name a difference between somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system? -
Correct Answer-The somatic nervous system facilitates communication between the
central nervous system and the outside world, whereas the autonomic nervous system
plays an important role in maintaining internal processes like body temperature.
