NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
2024/2025 Exam Questions and
Corresponding Answers with Surety of
100% Pass Mark
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Peritoneal surfaces,
omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal
organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines
with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using
Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Heart
disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 1
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
,perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Point at which depolarization must
reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔HYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
, Hyperkalemia and action potentials - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Increased
permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue,
lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated
for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have
diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
2024/2025 Exam Questions and
Corresponding Answers with Surety of
100% Pass Mark
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Peritoneal surfaces,
omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal
organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines
with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using
Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Heart
disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 1
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
,perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
How are free radicals produced? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Point at which depolarization must
reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔HYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
, Hyperkalemia and action potentials - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac
standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Increased
permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue,
lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated
for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have
diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY 3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVE
