Chapter 7 Outcomes
After reading this chapter, students should
be able to:
7.1A Define the anatomical terms for bone features.
7.1B List the two anatomical portions of the skeleton.
7.2A Describe the general functions of the axial skeleton and list its parts.
7.2B List the major sutures of the skull and the bones they connect.
7.2C Name the bones of the skull and describe their features as seen from
the superior, posterior, lateral, anterior, and inferior views.
7.2D Name the bones that compose the orbit of the eye.
7.2E List the bones and cartilage that form the nasal septum.
7.2G List the bones of the braincase and of the face.
7.2I Describe the shape of the vertebral column, list its divisions, and state
its functions.
7.2J Discuss the common features of the vertebrae and contrast the
structure of vertebrae from each region.
7.2K List the bones and cartilage of the rib cage, including the three types of
ribs.
7.3A Describe the girdles that make up the appendicular skeleton.
7.3B Identify the bones that make up the pectoral girdle, and relate their
structure and arrangement to the function of the girdle.
7.3C Name and describe the major bones of the upper limb.
7.3D List the bones that make up the pelvic girdle and explain why the
pelvic girdle is more stable than the pectoral girdle.
7.3E Name the bones that make up the hipbone. Distinguish between the
male and the female pelvis.
7.3F Identify and describe the bones of the lower limb.
, Chapter 7 Outline
7.1 Skeletal Anatomy Overview
Bones have processes, smooth surfaces, and holes that are associated with
ligaments, muscles, joints, nerves, and blood vessels.
7.2 Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone,
vertebral column, and rib cage.
Skull
1. The skull, or cranium, can be thought of as a single unit.
2. The parietal bones are joined at the midline by the sagittal suture; they are
joined to the frontal bone by the coronal suture, to the occipital bone by the
lambdoid suture, and to the temporal bone by the squamous suture.
3. Nuchal lines are the points of attachment for neck muscles.
4. Several skull features are visible from a lateral view.
The external auditory canal transmits sound waves toward the eardrum.
Important neck muscles attach to the mastoid process.
The temporal lines are attachment points of the temporalis muscle.
The zygomatic arch, from the temporal and zygomatic bones, forms a bridge
across the side of the skull.
5. Several skull features are visible from an anterior view.
The orbits contain the eyes.
The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum, and the hard palate
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
Sinuses within bone are air-filled cavities. The paranasal sinuses, which
connect to the nasal cavity, are the frontal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses
and the ethmoidal labyrinth.
The mandible articulates with the temporal bone.
6. Several skull features are inside the cranial cavity.
After reading this chapter, students should
be able to:
7.1A Define the anatomical terms for bone features.
7.1B List the two anatomical portions of the skeleton.
7.2A Describe the general functions of the axial skeleton and list its parts.
7.2B List the major sutures of the skull and the bones they connect.
7.2C Name the bones of the skull and describe their features as seen from
the superior, posterior, lateral, anterior, and inferior views.
7.2D Name the bones that compose the orbit of the eye.
7.2E List the bones and cartilage that form the nasal septum.
7.2G List the bones of the braincase and of the face.
7.2I Describe the shape of the vertebral column, list its divisions, and state
its functions.
7.2J Discuss the common features of the vertebrae and contrast the
structure of vertebrae from each region.
7.2K List the bones and cartilage of the rib cage, including the three types of
ribs.
7.3A Describe the girdles that make up the appendicular skeleton.
7.3B Identify the bones that make up the pectoral girdle, and relate their
structure and arrangement to the function of the girdle.
7.3C Name and describe the major bones of the upper limb.
7.3D List the bones that make up the pelvic girdle and explain why the
pelvic girdle is more stable than the pectoral girdle.
7.3E Name the bones that make up the hipbone. Distinguish between the
male and the female pelvis.
7.3F Identify and describe the bones of the lower limb.
, Chapter 7 Outline
7.1 Skeletal Anatomy Overview
Bones have processes, smooth surfaces, and holes that are associated with
ligaments, muscles, joints, nerves, and blood vessels.
7.2 Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone,
vertebral column, and rib cage.
Skull
1. The skull, or cranium, can be thought of as a single unit.
2. The parietal bones are joined at the midline by the sagittal suture; they are
joined to the frontal bone by the coronal suture, to the occipital bone by the
lambdoid suture, and to the temporal bone by the squamous suture.
3. Nuchal lines are the points of attachment for neck muscles.
4. Several skull features are visible from a lateral view.
The external auditory canal transmits sound waves toward the eardrum.
Important neck muscles attach to the mastoid process.
The temporal lines are attachment points of the temporalis muscle.
The zygomatic arch, from the temporal and zygomatic bones, forms a bridge
across the side of the skull.
5. Several skull features are visible from an anterior view.
The orbits contain the eyes.
The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum, and the hard palate
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.
Sinuses within bone are air-filled cavities. The paranasal sinuses, which
connect to the nasal cavity, are the frontal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses
and the ethmoidal labyrinth.
The mandible articulates with the temporal bone.
6. Several skull features are inside the cranial cavity.
