D265 Critical Thinking Study Exam
Questions & Answers 100% Correct!
Critical Thinking - ANSWERSThe ability to think carefully about thinking and
reasoning/to be critical of your own reasoning.
Propositions - ANSWERSThe fundamental building blocks of arguments. They are a
statement that can be true or false.
Simple propositions - ANSWERSThey have no internal logic structure, they are simply
true or false based on how the world is.
Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens. - ANSWERSSimple proposition
Complex propositions - ANSWERSThey have internal logic structure, and whether they
are true or false depends on if their parts are true or false.
If freedom should be the highest value for its citizens, then we should promote it in our
laws and policies. - ANSWERSComplex proposition
Argument - ANSWERSContains at least two statements or propositions: a conclusion
and one or more premises that lend support to the conclusion.
Premise - ANSWERSA proposition that supports the conclusion.
Conclusion Indicators - ANSWERSTherefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails
that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result.
Premise Indicators - ANSWERSBecause, for, given that, in that, as, since, indicated by.
Conclusion - ANSWERSThe claim that the whole argument is intended to support or
prove.
Deduction - ANSWERSArguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the
conclusion.
Types of arguments that are deductive - ANSWERSMathematical arguments, logical
arguments, arguments from definition.
Induction - ANSWERSArguments where the premises make the conclusion likely to be
true.
, Types of arguments that are inductive/ampliative - ANSWERSAnalogies, authority,
casual inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations.
P1: Monty is in Bejing
P2: It is impossible to get here from Bejing in an afternoon
Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - ANSWERSDeductive argument
P1: Monty is really shy
P2: Monty rarely goes to parties
Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - ANSWERSInductive/ampliative argument
Soundness/Validity - ANSWERSElements of a deductive argument
Validity - ANSWERSIf true, the premises make the conclusion true
Soundness - ANSWERSThe argument's premises guarantee the conclusion when true
(Validity), and all premises are true
Strength/Cogency - ANSWERSElements of an inductive argument
Strength - ANSWERSThe premises give probable support for the conclusion.
Cogent - ANSWERSThe premises give probable support towards the conclusion when
true (Strength), and all premises are true
Fallacy - ANSWERSA defect in reasoning
Formal Fallacy - ANSWERSA defect in the structure of an argument
Informal Fallacy - ANSWERSA defect in the content of an argument
Modus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent) basic structure - ANSWERSP1. If X, then Y
P2. X
C: Therefore, Y
No Formal Fallacy
P1. If I'm in Rome, then I'm in Italy
P2. I am in Rome.
C: Therefore, I am in Italy - ANSWERSModus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent)
Affirming the Consequent basic structure - ANSWERSP1. If X, then Y
P2. Y
C: Therefore, X
Commits Formal Fallacy
Questions & Answers 100% Correct!
Critical Thinking - ANSWERSThe ability to think carefully about thinking and
reasoning/to be critical of your own reasoning.
Propositions - ANSWERSThe fundamental building blocks of arguments. They are a
statement that can be true or false.
Simple propositions - ANSWERSThey have no internal logic structure, they are simply
true or false based on how the world is.
Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens. - ANSWERSSimple proposition
Complex propositions - ANSWERSThey have internal logic structure, and whether they
are true or false depends on if their parts are true or false.
If freedom should be the highest value for its citizens, then we should promote it in our
laws and policies. - ANSWERSComplex proposition
Argument - ANSWERSContains at least two statements or propositions: a conclusion
and one or more premises that lend support to the conclusion.
Premise - ANSWERSA proposition that supports the conclusion.
Conclusion Indicators - ANSWERSTherefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails
that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result.
Premise Indicators - ANSWERSBecause, for, given that, in that, as, since, indicated by.
Conclusion - ANSWERSThe claim that the whole argument is intended to support or
prove.
Deduction - ANSWERSArguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the
conclusion.
Types of arguments that are deductive - ANSWERSMathematical arguments, logical
arguments, arguments from definition.
Induction - ANSWERSArguments where the premises make the conclusion likely to be
true.
, Types of arguments that are inductive/ampliative - ANSWERSAnalogies, authority,
casual inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations.
P1: Monty is in Bejing
P2: It is impossible to get here from Bejing in an afternoon
Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - ANSWERSDeductive argument
P1: Monty is really shy
P2: Monty rarely goes to parties
Conclusion: Monty won't be at the party - ANSWERSInductive/ampliative argument
Soundness/Validity - ANSWERSElements of a deductive argument
Validity - ANSWERSIf true, the premises make the conclusion true
Soundness - ANSWERSThe argument's premises guarantee the conclusion when true
(Validity), and all premises are true
Strength/Cogency - ANSWERSElements of an inductive argument
Strength - ANSWERSThe premises give probable support for the conclusion.
Cogent - ANSWERSThe premises give probable support towards the conclusion when
true (Strength), and all premises are true
Fallacy - ANSWERSA defect in reasoning
Formal Fallacy - ANSWERSA defect in the structure of an argument
Informal Fallacy - ANSWERSA defect in the content of an argument
Modus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent) basic structure - ANSWERSP1. If X, then Y
P2. X
C: Therefore, Y
No Formal Fallacy
P1. If I'm in Rome, then I'm in Italy
P2. I am in Rome.
C: Therefore, I am in Italy - ANSWERSModus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent)
Affirming the Consequent basic structure - ANSWERSP1. If X, then Y
P2. Y
C: Therefore, X
Commits Formal Fallacy
