RCES 2025 Exam Questions with All Correct Answers

What is ARVD and when does it occur? - Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular dysplasia; occurs when the RV myocardium is replaced by fatty and fibrotic tissue What are afterdepolarizations? - Abnormal secondary voltage depolarizations during the cardiac action potential What are the two types of afterdepolarizations? - EADs (early after depolarizations) and DADs (delayed afterdepolarizations What does the QT interval represent? - ventricular depolarization and repolarization What is antedromic conduction? - Antedromic conduction is a type of AVRT in which the impulse travels down the pathway and up the AV node--seen in WPW What is orthodromic conduction? - A type of AVRT in which the impulse travels down the AV node and up the pathway--this type of conduction is more common What 3 criteria are needed to sustain a reentry circuit? - 1.) Parallel pathways that are connected proximally and distally, forming an electrical circuit 2.) One of the pathways needs a refractory period that's substantially longer than the refractory period of the other 3.) The pathway with the shorter refractory period must conduct electrical impulse more slowly than the other pathway What is a normal AH interval? - 50-140ms What is a normal HV interval? - 35-55ms What is a normal HBE? - <30ms What is a normal PA interval? - 25-55ms What is a normal QTc? - For men: <450, For women <470 What is a normal QRS interval? - <120ms What is Ohm's Law? - V = IR; V= voltage measured in volts, I= current measured in amps and R= resistance ohms What is the most likely rhythm is capture beats or fusion beats are seen on the EKG? - Ventricular Tachycardia because both beats demonstrate AV dissociation When do EADs occur? - EADs are seen in phase 2 or phase 3 of the action potential What is the formula for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius? - C= (5/9) (F-32) What is the formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit? - F= (9/5)C +32 What is the formula for calculating HR? - 60,000msec/ RR What is the most common location of outflow tract VT? - RVOT What is a bystander pathway? - An associate pathway that is passively activated BUT it is not in the tachycardia circuit If VT originates in the LV, there will be a _____________________ morphology? - Right Bundle Branch Block (positive in lead V1) What would be the result of ablating a bystander pathway? - Blocking the bystander pathway would not terminate the arrhythmia What is precordial concordance? - When the appearance of the QRS complexes in leads V1-V6 are either all negative or all positive *** this finding on an ECG is diagnostic of VT