VIBS 422 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST VERSION ()

VIBS 422 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST VERSION () DES - Answers diethylstilbestrol- a highly popular 1950s pregnancy supportive drug prescribed to millions of pregnant women What is DES? - Answers A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen first synthesized in 1938 Was not patented Why was DES given to pregnant women? - Answers It was mistakenly believed to reduce the risk of pregnancy complications and loses DES acts as a - Answers 1. Carcinogen- causes cancer 2. Teratogen- causes birth defects 3. Mutagen- causes mutations DES can activate which estrogen receptor? - Answers ERα- has a similar affinity for the receptor as estradiol In the human body, DES reaches peak concentration within - Answers 20-40 minutes, having a primary half-live of 3-6 hours. It has a terminal half-life of 2-3 days due to entero-hepatic circulation How is DES eliminated in rats, hamsters, and mice? - Answers Through biliary excretion and feces Uses of DES - Answers Suppress milk production after child birth Alleviate hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms Treatment for acne Prostate cancer Gonorrhea in children Contraceptive Farmers use to fatten chickens, cows, etc. Effects of DES on 1st generation - Answers Women prescribed DES during pregnancy had modestly increased risk of breast cancer and breast cancer mortality Effects of DES on 2nd generation - Answers DES Daughters: women exposed to DES before birth (in the womb) Increased risk for clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) Cancers of the vagina and cervix Structural differences in the reproductive tract (T-shaped uterus, hooded cervix, cervical cockscomb, and pseudopolyp) Pregnancy complications associated with DES - Answers Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy Pre-term (early) delivery Infertility Auto-immune disorders Men exposed to DES before birth (in the womb) - Answers DES Sons At increased risk of non-cancerous epididymal cysts (growths on the testicles), other genital abnormalities, and infertility. Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the vagina and cervix - Answers Visually abnormal lesions of the vagina and/or cervix The cells become vacuolated and filled with glycogen, hence the term "clear cell" The cancer is insidious and slow growing but very difficult to treat 1 in 1,000 DES Daughters were diagnosed with CCA. DES Daughters are 40 times more likely to develop CCA of the vagina and cervix than women not exposed to DES What are the morphological changes in the uterus due to DES exposure? - Answers 1. Bicarnate uterus 2. Double uterus 3. Septal uterus True or False: DES Daughters are more likely to experience miscarriage than are unexposed women. - Answers True DES exposure was most strongly associated with infertility caused by - Answers uterine problems (shape of the uterus) The sons of women who took DES during pregnancy are three times more likely to have __________ ____________ than men without such exposure - Answers genital structural abnormalities What are the most common abnormalities in DES Sons? - Answers Epididymal cysts, undescended testes, and small testes Undescended testes and small testes are associated with an increased risk of - Answers testicular cancer What are some other effects of DES in men? - Answers Testicular varicoceles and sperm abnormalities DES granddaughters and grandsons - Answers Granddaughters have increased risk of infertility and ovarian cancer; sons have hypospadias (birth defect of the urethra), misplaced opening of the penis What are the non-reproductive or general health risks in DES daughters? - Answers Reduction of helper-T cells Impaired cognition Mammary gland problems Weak immune system Arthritis Depression Psychiatric disorders such as anxiety Is a routine cervical pap test adequate for DES-exposed daughters? - Answers No, it must be supplemented with a special pap test of the vagina called a "four-quadrant" pap test, in which cell samples are taken from all sides of the upper vagina Cervical ectropion - Answers A condition in which the cells from the 'inside' of the cervical canal, known as glandular cells (or columnar epithelium), are present on the 'outside' of the vaginal portion of the cervix. The cells on the 'outside' of the cervix are called squamous epithelial cells. Colposcopy - Answers Magnifying instrument is used to inspect the interior of the vagina and cervix Biopsy - Answers Small samples of any tissue that appear abnormal on colposcopy are removed and examined under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present DES for veterinary use - Answers It is primarily used to treat urinary incontinence in spayed females as it increases urethral tone and helps to prevent leaking or dribbling of urine What is the most serious veterinary side effect of DES? - Answers Bone-marrow suppression and toxicity that may progress to fatal anemia Umbilical cord blood from newborns - Answers 180 chemicals have been linked to cancer